A．根據(jù)意義上或修辭上的需要for purpose of rhetoric or coherence

1.1增加動詞根據(jù)意義上的需要，可以在名詞前增加動詞。如果把下面例1中的after the banquets，the concerts and table tennis exhibition譯為“在宴會、音樂會、乒乓球表演之后”，意思似乎不夠明確。如果在詞之前增加原文中雖無其詞而有其意的動詞，譯為“在參加宴會、出席音樂會、觀看乒乓球表演之后”，形成三個動賓詞組，那就意思明確，讀起來也較通順自然，符合漢語習慣。

1）In the evening ，after the banquets，the concerts and table tennis exhibitions，he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué.晚上在參加宴會、出席音樂會、觀看乒乓球表演之后，他還得起草最后公報。

   2）There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats，no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and banquets of flowers。沒有發(fā)表講話，沒有各國外交官到場，也沒有“普通中國人”揮舞紙旗、花束的場面。

   3）Rostow was about to become，for lack of anyone or anything better，a very influential intellectual—the very wrong man at the wrong place with the wrong idea。因為找不到比他更合適的人，也沒有更好的辦法，于是，羅斯托就要成為一個很有影響的知識分子，這真是在錯誤的地方任用錯誤的人去實行他的錯誤主張。

  4）They had been through it al at his side—the bruising battles，the humiliations of the defeat|…through empty mid-1960s—until at last，in 1968，they were able to savor the sweet taste of triumph。他們始終站在他的一邊，經(jīng)歷過殘酷的廝殺，忍受過辛酸的失敗，熬過了一事無成的六十年代中期，毫不容易挨到了一九六八年，他們才嘗到了勝利的甜頭。

2. 增加形容詞

  1）With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism。中國人民正在以多么高的熱情建設社會主義??！

  2）The plane twisted under me，trailing flame and smoke。（敵人的）飛機在下面螺旋下降，拖著濃煙烈焰掉了下去。

  3）O, Tom Canty，born in rags and dirt and misery，what sight is this?。∕ark Twain）啊，湯姆·康第，生在破爛、骯臟和苦難中，現(xiàn)在這番景象卻是多么煊赫啊！根據(jù)原著，湯姆·康第本是個貧兒，穿上王子服裝以后，被人認為真是王子，就顯得特別煊赫。原文雖無“煊赫”的字眼，但含有此意，所以翻譯時應增加上去。以上三例表明，為了意義上或修辭上的需要，有些英語句子中的名詞，譯成漢語時，可以增加一些適當?shù)男稳菰~。

3. 增加副詞根據(jù)原文的上下文，有些動詞在一定場合可增加適當?shù)母痹~，才能確切表達愿意。

    1）The crowds melted away。人群漸漸散開了。

    2）As she sat down and began talking，words poured out。他一坐下來就開始了，滔滔不決地講個不完。

    3）Tremaine sank down with his face in his hands屈里曼兩手蒙著臉，一屁股做了下去。

 4）In the films of those days，all too often it was the same one：boy tractor driver meets girls tractor driver；they fall in love and drive tractor together。在那時的電影里，總是老一套；南拖拉機手和女拖拉機手始而相遇，繼而相愛，終而并肩開拖拉機了。

 5）He was fascinated by the political processes—the wheeling and dealing of presidential politics，the manipulating，releasing and leaking of news，the public and private talks。一幕幕政治花招使他看入迷了：總統(tǒng)競選活動中的勾心斗角，爾虞我詐；對新聞消息的幕后操作、公開發(fā)表和有意透漏，以及公開和秘密的談話。

4. 增加名詞4.1 在不及物動詞后面增加名詞

     英語中有些動詞有時用作及物動詞，有時用作不及物動詞；當它作為不及物動詞時，賓語實際隱含在動詞后面，譯成漢語時往往需要把它表達出來。例如To wash before meal是“飯前洗手”，如果不譯出隱含的賓語“手”，譯文“飯前洗一洗”的意思就不明確。同樣，“To wash after getting up和To wash before going to bed ”也應該分別譯為“起床后洗臉”和“睡前洗腳”了。

  1）Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia?，旣愒谡煞蚧技毙苑窝兹ナ篮螅肯匆戮S持生活。

  2）Day after day he came to his work—sweeping，scrubbing，cleaning。他每天來干活——掃地，擦地板，收拾房間。

  3）First you borrow，then you beg。頭一遭借錢，下一遭就討飯。

  4）The lieutenant Grub launched into the old recruiting routine，“See，save and serve！Hannigan， free tour to all the ports in the world。A fine ship for a home。Three meals a day without charge…You must not let such a golden opportunity slip by。”于是，格拉布上尉開始說起招兵的老一套了：“見見世面，攢點錢，為國家出點力！漢尼根，免費周游世界上所有的港口。一艘上好的船為家，一天三餐不要錢。……你千萬不要錯過這樣的大好機會呀！”

4.2在形容詞前增加名詞

  1）This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine。這部打字機真是價廉物美。

  2）A new kind of aircraft—small，cheap，pilotless—is attracting increasing attention。一種新型的飛機正越來越引起人們的注意——這種飛機體積不大，價錢便宜，無人駕駛。

  3）He is complicated man—moody，mercurial，with a melancholy streak。他是一個性格復雜的人——喜怒無常，反復多變，有些憂郁寡歡。

4.3在抽象名詞后增加名詞  某些有動詞后形容詞派生出來的抽象名詞，翻譯是可根據(jù)上下文在其后面增添適當?shù)拿~，使譯文更合乎規(guī)范。如：

    to persuade     說服                      persuasion          說服工作

    to prepare      準備                      preparation          準備工作

    backward      落后                      backwardness        落后狀態(tài)

    tense          緊張                      tension             緊張狀況

    arrogant       自滿                      arrogance           自滿情緒

    mad          瘋狂                      madness            瘋狂行為

    antagonistic    敵對                      antagonism          敵對態(tài)度

   1）After all preparations were made ，the planes were flown across he U.S to San Francisco. 一切準備工作就緒以后，飛機就飛越美國去舊金山。

   2) In the summer of 1969, the Administration publicly urged an easing of tensions with China.一九流九年夏天，政府公開緩和與中國的緊張關(guān)系。

   3) Profanity was tacitly given up.褻瀆神靈的粗話全都心照不宣地不用了。

4.4 在具體名詞后增加名詞

 1）He felt the patriot rise within his breast。他感到一種愛國熱情在胸中激蕩。

 2）He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge，and declared his own son guilty。他讓法官的確職責戰(zhàn)勝父子的確私情，而判決他兒子有罪。

 3）Kissinger felt that Rogers was quibbling ，but the lawyer in Nixon supported the quibble of a fellow lawyer基辛格感到羅杰斯在挑刺兒。但是，律師事務所出身的尼克松支持他的同行的挑刺兒。

5.增加表示名詞復數(shù)的詞

    漢語名詞的復數(shù)沒有詞形變化，很多情況下不必表達出來。但要表達指多數(shù)人的名詞時，可在該名詞的后面加“們”字，如“the teachers”“教師們”，或在該名詞前家上“諸位”、“各（位）”，如“ladies and gentlemen”諸位（各位）女士和先生“。此外，英語名詞復數(shù)，漢譯時還可以根據(jù)情況，增加重疊詞、數(shù)詞或其它一些詞來表達。這樣做還可以提高修辭效果。

  5.1 增加重疊詞表示復數(shù)

    1）Flowers bloom all over the yard.朵朵鮮花開滿了庭院。

    2) Newsmen went flying off to Mexico.記者紛紛飛到墨西哥去了。

    3) There were rows of houses which he had never seen before.一排排的房子都是他從來沒有見過的。

  5.2 增加數(shù)詞或其它詞表示復數(shù)

    1) The lion is the king of animals.獅是百獸之王。

    2）The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men.連大地都震動了，仿佛萬馬奔騰，千夫怒吼。

    3) The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.群山已在山谷里開始蔚藍色的長影。

    4) Most were absorbed into the Russian empire through colonial, expansion under the Tsars.大部分是在歷代沙皇統(tǒng)治下，通過殖民擴張而并入俄羅斯帝國的。

6. 增加表示時態(tài)的詞

   英語動詞的時態(tài)靠動詞詞形變化（如write，wrote）或加助動詞（如will write，have written）來表達的。漢語動詞沒有詞形變化，表示時態(tài)要靠增加漢語特有的時態(tài)助詞或一般表示時間的詞。因此，翻譯完成時往往用“曾”、“已經(jīng)”、“過”、“了”；翻譯進行時往往用“在”、“正在”、“著”；翻譯將來時往往用“將”、“就”、“要”、“會”、“便”等等。除此之外，為了強調(diào)時間概念或強調(diào)時間上的對比，往往須加一些其他的詞。

  6.1 對某種時間概念作強調(diào)時，往往要加一些詞。

    1）I had known two great social systems. 那時以前，我就經(jīng)歷過過大社會制度。

    2) The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.原來老頭兒已教會了孩子捕魚，所以孩子很愛他。 

    3) I had never thought I would be happy to find myself considered unimportant. But this time I was.以往我從未想過，當我發(fā)覺人們認為我無足輕重時，我會感到高興。但這次情況確實如此。

    4) Whereas Kissinger had once needed Nixon as a channel to power, Nixon now needed Kissinger to help him remain in power 當年，基辛格需要尼克松的援引而獲得權(quán)勢；如今，尼克松需要基辛格幫他繼續(xù)掌權(quán)。

6.2 強調(diào)時間上的對比時，往往需要加一些詞

  1 )The old man said，“They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are老頭兒說：“從前他爸爸是個打魚的。他過去也許和我們一樣窮。“

  2 )I was and remain，grateful for the part he played in my release。我的獲釋是他成全的，對此我過去很感激，現(xiàn)在仍然很感激。

  3）The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird。該高空飛機過去是現(xiàn)在仍然是一種了不起的飛機。

7. 增加語氣助詞。

   漢語中有許多語氣助詞，如“的”、“吧”、“呢”、“啊”、“呀”、“嘛”、“嗎”、“啦”、“了”、“罷了”、“而已”等等。不同的語氣助詞可以發(fā)生不同的作用，英譯漢時細心體會原文，增加一些漢語所特有的語氣詞，可以更好地表達愿作的意義和修辭色彩。

 1）Don’ t take it seriously. I’m just making fun of you.不要認真嘛！我不過開開玩笑罷了。

 2) As for me, I didn’t agree from the very beginning. 我呢，從一開始就不贊成。

 3) They (the eyes) were the same color as the sea, cheerful and undefeated.那雙眼啊，像海水一樣的顏色，愉快，毫不沮喪。

 4 )  He described it (Latvia)---its forests, its little villages ,its people ,their fierce nationalism---with an eloquence that could arise only out of deep love one’s motherland.他描繪它（拉脫維亞）的風土人情——森林啦、小村莊啦、人民啦、人民的強烈民族主義啦等等，只有深深熱愛祖國的人才能說得如此娓娓動聽，滔滔不絕。   

5) It is entirely possible that things are being done for my release right now and that it takes time to do this.完全有可能眼下正在想辦法使我獲釋，只不過需要時間而已。

8. 增加量詞

  8.1 英語中的數(shù)詞（包括不定冠詞a）與可數(shù)名詞往往直接連用，他們之間沒有量詞，而漢語往往借助量詞。因此翻譯時應根據(jù)漢語表達習慣恰當?shù)卦黾颖硎酒湫螤?、特征或材料上的名詞量。如：

  a bike       一輛自行車                            a typewriter   一架打字機

  a tractor     一臺拖拉機                            a mouth      一張嘴

  a full moon  一輪滿月                              a bad dream   一場惡夢

  1）A red sun rose slowly from the calm lake。 一輪紅日從風平浪靜的海面冉冉升起。

  2）Into the dim clouds was swimming a crescent moon。一鉤新月漸漸隱沒在朦朧的云彩里去了。

  3）A stream was winding its way through the valley into the river。 一彎溪水蜿蜒流過山谷，匯合到江里去了。

4）November26 ：“…Started trying to read a Russian story。Constant use of dictionary and many questions。” 十一月二十六日：“……開始試讀一篇俄國短篇小說。詞典不離手，問題一大堆。”

8.2 英語中有些動詞或動作名詞，譯成漢語動詞時常需增加一些表示行為、動作量的動量詞。如have a rest 休息一下；make a stop 停一下，等等。

  1）Once, they have a quarrel。有一次，他們爭吵了一番。

  2）Herb gave her a sly look。赫伯狡猾地看了他一眼。

  3）I was extremely worried about her，but this was neither place nor the time for a lecture or an argument。我真替她萬分擔憂，但此時此地，既不宜教訓她一番，也不宜與她爭論一通。

9. 增加根據(jù)上下文需要及反映背景情況的詞

  1）In April，there was the “ping”heard around the world. In July, the ping “ponged”。四月里，全世界聽到中國“乒”的一聲把球打了出去；到了七月美國“乓”的一聲把球打了回來。

這句如只譯為“全四月里世界聽到乒的一聲；七月里，這乓聲卻乓了一下”，讀者就不只所云。

  2）Nixon learned that Ceausescu would welcome a presidential visit。尼可松了解到，齊奧賽斯庫歡迎美國總統(tǒng)訪羅。

本句上文曾提到美國總統(tǒng)訪問羅馬尼亞。

  3）Bundy was not considered to have signed on，and it was known that the President was wavering ，that Ball was making his stand。一般認為，邦迪并沒有同意轟炸，總統(tǒng)還在猶豫不決，而鮑爾已明確反對轟炸。

本句上文中提到的是“轟炸”問題，翻譯時根據(jù)上下文，補充了“轟炸”和“反對轟炸”，意思就比較清楚。

10．增加概括詞

英語和漢語都有概括詞。英語中的in short, and so on, etc.等等，翻譯時可以分別譯為“總之”、“等等”……。當有時候英語句子中并沒有概括詞，而翻譯時卻往往可增加“兩人”、“雙方”、“等等”、“凡此種種”等等概括詞，同時省略掉英語中的連接詞。如：

You and I 你我倆人

The Soviet Union, the United States, England and France蘇、美、英、法四國

militarily, politically and economically軍事、政治、經(jīng)濟等各方面

1) The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages.美日雙方在完全保密的情況下互相交換了信件。

2）It is remarkably clear. It shows streets and factories and a winding river and docks and submarine pens.它十分清晰，從中可以看出街道、工廠、一條蜿蜒的河流以及碼頭、潛艇修藏塢等。

3）The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.論文總結(jié)了電子計算機、人造衛(wèi)星和火箭三方面的新成就。

B、根據(jù)句法上的需要(for purpose of syntax)

1. 增補原文回答句中的省略部分

1)        Is this your book? Yes, it is.這是你的書嗎？是我的。

（Yes, it is = Yes, it is mine.）

2)        Rebecca：“What! Don’t you love him (Amelia’s brother)?”Amelia：“Yes, of course, I do.”利蓓加：“怎么？你不愛他（愛米麗的哥哥）？”愛米麗：“我當然愛他。”（Yes, of course, I do = Yes, of  course I love him.）

2.       增補原文句子中所省略的動詞

3)        Reading makes a full man; conference (…) a ready man; writing (…) an exact man.讀書使人充實，討論使人機智，寫作使人準確。

4)  An Eagle and a Fox had long lived together as good neighbors; the Eagle (…) at the summit of a high tree, the Fox (…) in a hole at the foot of it. 一只鷹和一只狐貍長期友好地住在一起，鷹住在一棵高高的樹頂上，狐貍住在樹下一個洞里。

5)  We don’t retreat, we never have (…) and never will (…).我們不后退，我們從沒有后退過，將來也決不后退。

6)        “No!” Jesse jumped up. “No, I believed that too. But I don’t (…) now. ”“不！”杰西跳起來了。“不，過去我也是相信的?？墒乾F(xiàn)在，我不相信了。”

7) He remembered the incident, as had his wife (…). 他記得這件事，他的妻子早就記起了。

8)Everything was on a larger scale for him, the highs were higher, the lows (…) lower.他總是喜歡夸大事實，高的說得更高，低的說得更低。

3. 增補原文比較句中的省略部分

1)      The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were their own mistress.仆人們愿意服侍她，就象他們愿意服侍他們的女主人一樣。原文全句應是The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were ready to serve their own mistress.

2)      Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.從別人的失敗中吸取教訓比從自己的失敗中吸取教訓更好。原文全句應是It is better to be wise by the defeat of others than to be wise by the defeat of your own.

3)  I can say to you, without any flattery, that the Chinese way of co-operations is more inventive and fruitful than others.我可以對你說-------我這樣說沒有任何奉承之意-------中國的合作方式比別國的合作方式更有特色，更有成果。原文全句應是I can say to you, without any flattery, that the Chinese way of co-operations is more inventive and fruitful than the way of co-operations of others.

4.       增補原文含蓄條件句中的省略部分

1)      We didn’t admit it (escape) was impossible. To do so would have been to surrender one of our hopes.我們認為越獄不是不可能的。如果認為不可能，那就等于把我們僅存的一點希望也放棄了。

2)      In agreeing to what was already the status quo, Khrushchev would have had far more to gain than lose.假如赫魯曉夫已同意維持現(xiàn)狀，對他來說就會是得多失少。

3)      At the time of Kennedy’s assassination, Kissinger felt that a second term would have led either to greatness or to disaster.肯尼迪遇刺時，基辛格認為，如果肯尼再任一屆總統(tǒng)的話，大概不是立大功，就是闖大禍。

4)      He could understand a passive opposition from Kennedy loyalists, but an open one would have dire consequences.他了解到忠于肯尼迪的那些人在消極反對他，但是如果他們公開反對，那就會產(chǎn)生可怕的后果。

5）  But without Adolf Hitler, almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich.然而，如果沒有阿道夫"希特勒，那就幾乎可以肯定不會有第三帝國。

補充例句：

Where there is water, there is life。

Now, years later, that evening’s loveliness---I so nearly missed---is one of my most cherished memories.如今多少年過去了，那個我差點失之交臂的迷人夜晚如今卻成了我最珍貴的記憶。

When I turned around, John was grinning, expectant, studying my face intently to see if he had pleased me. He had.我轉(zhuǎn)過身，只見約翰正咧著嘴笑，滿臉期待的神情；他熱切的目光想從我的臉上探明他是否博得了我的歡心。他確實博得了我的歡心。

Long-stemmed models ankled through the lobby. 身材修長的模特兒們裊裊婷婷的走過大廳

Fortune knocks at every man’s door once in a life, but in a good many cases, the man is in a neighboring saloon and does not hear her.每個人的一生中，幸運之神都只來敲一次門，可是許多情況下，那個受到眷顧的人竟在隔壁的酒館里，聽不見她敲門。

The public don’t like him. He’s too quiet for them, that’s the trouble. 大家都不喜歡他，他們覺得他太安靜，問題就在這兒.

I hope that the meeting will not be too long, for it will only waste time.我希望這次會議不要開得太久，太久了只會浪費時間。

A scientist constantly tried to defeat his hypotheses, his theories and his conclusion.

科學家經(jīng)常設法否定自己的假設、推翻自己的理論，并放棄自己的結(jié)論。

Avoid using this computer in extreme cold, heat, dust or humidity.

不要在過冷、過熱、灰塵過多、濕度過大的情況下使用這臺電腦。

They could sense her (titanic) mass, her eerie quiet and the ruined splendor of a lost age.

他們能體會到它船體的巨大，感受到它周圍的可怕沉寂，領(lǐng)略到因歲月的流逝而造成的凄涼景觀。

大作收到，我十分高興。I was very glad to have received your writing.

沒有調(diào)查就沒有發(fā)言權(quán)。He who makes no investigation has no right to speak.

三個臭皮匠，頂個諸葛亮。Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.

The sky had turned a sullen gray. As he left the park, scattered raindrops felt like slivers of ice.

天空變成陰沉沉的灰色。他離開公園時，零零稀稀的雨點落在臉上，感覺像薄薄的冰片兒。

Since her earliest walking period she had been as the right hand of her mother. What scrubbing, baking, errand-running, and nursing there had been to do she did.

自從她會走路的時候起，她就是母親的好幫手。擦地板，烤面包，跑差事，喂孩子，樣樣都是她做的事兒。

New buildings, massive in span and artful in design, have sprung up everywhere. A plethora of stores and shops have sprouted everywhere.一幢幢新建的高樓大廈在各處拔地而起，規(guī)模宏偉，設計精美。到處冒出了大大小小的數(shù)不勝數(shù)的商店。