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      英語(yǔ)中的就近原則與主謂一致 - christine_777的日志 - 網(wǎng)易博客

       袁源 2011-01-07

      英語(yǔ)中的就近原則與主謂一致

      小知識(shí) 2009-05-06 10:28:37 閱讀2531 評(píng)論4   字號(hào): 訂閱

       

      【就近一致原則(Proximity)】
      也稱(chēng)“鄰近原則”,即:謂語(yǔ)與靠近的名詞、代詞(有時(shí)不一定是主語(yǔ))在“人稱(chēng)、數(shù)”上一致。

      (就近原則就是在遇到一些特定的詞組或句型后,動(dòng)詞的單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)看離他最近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ) )
      這些詞組有not only...but also..., either...or..., neither...nor...等。
      there be ……句型 ,Neither……nor…… ,Either……or……, Not……but…… ,Whether……or……
      Not only……but also……

      1.There be 句型

        There is a book and some pencils on the desk.

      =There are some pencils and a book on the desk.

      類(lèi)似的還有here  和 This is a man and woman

      2.neither...nor... 

         Neither you nor he is right.

      = Neither he nor you are right.

         Neither you nor I am wrong. 你和我都沒(méi)錯(cuò)。

      3.either...or...

         Either they or Jim is going to Shanghai next Saturday.

      = Either Jim or they are going to shanghai next Saturday.

      4.not only...but also...

          Not only Ann but also her parents stay at home every Sunday.

      = Not only Ann's parents but also she stays at home every Sunday.

         Not only the students but also the teacher wishes for a holiday. 不僅是學(xué)生,就連老師也期盼一個(gè)假期。

         Not only they but also I am keen on sports.

       

      【主謂一致現(xiàn)象 】

      有一類(lèi)連接詞,其后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與連接詞前一部分的主語(yǔ)保持一致。此類(lèi)連接詞有with, along with, together with, as well as, besides, like, without, except (but), including等。例如:

      Tracy, like many girls, loves dancing. 特蕾西像很多女孩一樣,喜歡跳舞。

      All the students, including Tom, are leaving. 所有的學(xué)生,包括湯姆都走了。

      No one except (but) me knows about this news. 除了我沒(méi)有人知道這個(gè)消息。

       

      補(bǔ)充:

      Ⅲ.“數(shù)詞”、“數(shù)量、單位”等詞語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí):
      1. 表示“運(yùn)算”的數(shù)詞通常作單數(shù) 。e.g.
      Ten times four makes(make) forty .+ 乘以四得四十。
      2.表“時(shí)間、距離、金額、度量衡”等的詞語(yǔ),作“整體”看時(shí)作單數(shù)用,側(cè)重指“若干單位”時(shí)作復(fù)數(shù)用。e.g.
      ①Twenty years is not a long time . 二十年光陰,彈指一揮間。
      ②Twenty years have passed since he left . 他離開(kāi)已二十個(gè)年頭了。
      3.“分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)”通常依其“具體所指”來(lái)決定單、復(fù)數(shù)。e.g.
      ①About 40 percent / two-fifths of the books here are (is) worth reading . 這些書(shū)中百分之四十/五分之二值得讀。
      ②Only sixty percent / three-fifths of the work was done yesterday .昨天只干完了百分之六十/五分之三的工作。
      4. "a number of (許多)/ a varlety of (各式各樣) "+復(fù)數(shù)名詞,常作復(fù)數(shù)用。e.g.
      ①A number of students in this class are (is) from Sichuan . 這個(gè)班有不少同學(xué)來(lái)自四川。
      ②There are a variety of toys in this shop.這家商店有各種各樣的玩具。
      但是,“the number(數(shù)目)/ the variety(種類(lèi))”+ of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞,作單數(shù)。e.g.
      ①The number of students in this college has doubled . 這所大學(xué)的學(xué)生人數(shù)翻了一番。
      ②The variety of goods in this shop is rich . 這家商店貨物品種豐富。
      Ⅳ.單、復(fù)數(shù)同形或易混的詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí):(參見(jiàn)“名詞”部分)
      1.以“-ics”結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名詞:指教育、科研的某一學(xué)科,作單數(shù)。e.g.
      Mathematics seems easy to me .我似乎覺(jué)得數(shù)學(xué)不難。
      但是,表“具體的學(xué)業(yè)、活動(dòng)”等時(shí),多用作復(fù)數(shù)。e.g.
      ①Her mathematics are weak . 她數(shù)學(xué)差。(指“學(xué)業(yè)成績(jī)、能力”)
      ②What are your politiscs? 你的政治觀點(diǎn)如何?
      2. “works工廠,means方法,series系列,species物種,aircraft飛機(jī)”等名詞單、復(fù)數(shù)同形,要從上下文判斷其具體意義來(lái)決定單、復(fù)數(shù)。e.g.
      ①This works was(These works were)built two years ago . 這(幾)家工廠是兩年前修建的。
      ②Every means has (All means have) been tried . 各種辦法都試過(guò)了。
      這類(lèi)名詞通常還有“fish ,deer ,sheep ,headquarters (總部駐地),bellows(風(fēng)箱), plastics, gallows (絞架), manners(禮貌) ,whereabouts (行蹤), ”等。(但news(消息)是不可數(shù)名詞,通常只作單數(shù)用。)
      Ⅴ. "the + 形容詞/分詞"作主語(yǔ)時(shí):
      1. 指“一類(lèi)”人或事物時(shí),常用作復(fù)數(shù)用。e.g.
      ①The English speak English. 英國(guó)人講英語(yǔ)。
      ②The rejected were heaped in the corner . 廢品堆在角落里。
      2.指“某一個(gè)”人,或“抽象的”事物時(shí),作單數(shù)用。e.g.
      ①The deceased was his father . 去世的是他父親。
      ②The agreeable is not always the useful . 好看的不一定中用。
      ③The new and progressive always wins over the old . 新生、進(jìn)步的事物總是要戰(zhàn)勝舊的東西。
      Ⅵ.專(zhuān)用名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí):
      1.“書(shū)名、劇名、報(bào)刊名、國(guó)家名”等通常作單數(shù)用。e.g.
      ①The United States was founded in 1776. 美國(guó)成立于1776年。
      ②The Arabian Nights is very interesting . 《天方夜譚》很有趣。
      2.“書(shū)刊名”有時(shí)作單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)兩可,尤其是編成集子的書(shū)。e.g.
      Dickens' Amerian Notes were (was ) published in 1842 .
      狄更斯所著的《美國(guó)筆記》出版于1842年。
      Ⅶ“what等引導(dǎo)的從句”作主語(yǔ)時(shí):
      1. 大多作單數(shù)用。e.g.
      ①What we need is more practice . 我們需要的是更多的實(shí)踐。
      ②What he says doesn't agree with what he does . 他言行不一致。
      2.若從句是含復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)、或“表語(yǔ)”是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)兩可。e.g.
      ①What you say and think is /are no business of mine . 你怎么說(shuō)以及怎么想,不關(guān)我的事。
      ②What he bought was /were some books . 他所買(mǎi)的是幾本書(shū)。
      【就近一致原則(Proximity)】
      I.在正式文體中:
      1.由下列詞語(yǔ)連接的并列主語(yǔ):"or ; either …or;nor; neither…or;whether…or;not…but; not only…but also" ; 等。e.g.
      ①What he does or what he says does not concern me . 他的行為或言談都與我無(wú)關(guān)。
      ②Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都沒(méi)錯(cuò)。
      ③Not you but your father is to blame . 不是你,而是你父親該受責(zé)備。
      ④Not only you hut(also) he is wrong .不僅你錯(cuò)了,他也錯(cuò)了。
      2. 在倒裝句中:謂語(yǔ)可與后面第一個(gè)主語(yǔ)一致。e.g.
      ①I(mǎi)n the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people . 在遠(yuǎn)處,能聽(tīng)見(jiàn)鼓掌聲和人們的呼喊聲。
      ②There is (are) a pen and some books on the desk .桌上有一支鋼筆和幾本書(shū)。
      II. 非正式文體中:
      有時(shí)依“就近一致原則”,但也可依“意義一致原則”或嚴(yán)格地依“語(yǔ)法一致原則”。e.g.
      Neither she nor I were there (意義一致) 我和他當(dāng)時(shí)都不在那兒。(非正式)
      Neither she nor I was there .(就近一致)(譯文同上句)(正式)
      但是,如果依“就近一致原則”而與其他兩項(xiàng)原則相矛盾時(shí),則常常認(rèn)為是不太合符規(guī)范的。e.g.
      No one except his own supporters agree with him .僅他自己的支持者同意他的意見(jiàn)。(依“就近”和“意義”一致的原則;但語(yǔ)法上,“No one ”才是主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)要改成“agrees”。“寫(xiě)作中”一般要依“語(yǔ)法一致”原則。

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