內(nèi)蒙古興安盟烏蘭浩特一中137400

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主要包括to do 、doing 和done這三種形式, 它們屬于語(yǔ)法教學(xué)中的難點(diǎn)，尤其是當(dāng)它們?cè)诰渥又凶鞫ㄕZ(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)的時(shí)候。此時(shí)如果我們把句子中遇到的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞利用“加法”技巧變成我們非常熟悉的定語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句，然后利用英語(yǔ)中的省略現(xiàn)象對(duì)這些從句進(jìn)行“刪減”，就會(huì)使對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的理解簡(jiǎn)單化，現(xiàn)在我們就著重談一談?dòng)?#8220;加減法”巧講非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。

一、作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的加減法原則

1. to do

從功能上看，動(dòng)詞不定式做定語(yǔ)表示將來(lái)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)以動(dòng)詞不定式為表語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句。試看下面的加減法原則：

Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one to be repaired first is the library.

→Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one that is to be repaired first is the library.

    這個(gè)城市的許多建筑物需要維修，但是首先要維修的是圖書館。

2. done

從功能上看，過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)表示1）被動(dòng)（及物）；2）完成（不及物）。做定語(yǔ)時(shí)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句（被動(dòng)），有時(shí)侯也表示完成。

I'm calling to enquire about the position advertised in yesterday's China Daily.

    → I'm calling to enquire about the position that was advertised in yesterday's China Daily.

我打電話來(lái)咨詢下昨天中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)上刊登職位的信息。

The Town Hall completed in the 1800’s was the most distinguished building at that time.

→The Town Hall which had been completed in the 1800’s was the most distinguished building at that time.

 這在十九世紀(jì)建成的市政大廳是那個(gè)時(shí)代最杰出的建筑。

It is one of the funniest things found on the Internet so far this year.
     →It is one of the funniest things that have been found on the Internet so far this year.
    這是今年到目前為止在網(wǎng)上發(fā)現(xiàn)的最有趣的事情之一。

以上句子都是由不定式或過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)的句子，我們把這些動(dòng)詞不定式或過(guò)去分詞前面分別加上相關(guān)時(shí)態(tài)的which  be / that be / who be ，就把它們變成了以這些動(dòng)詞不定式作表語(yǔ)或者以這些過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)為句子主干的定語(yǔ)從句，這樣我們就很容易理解了。然后再把加上的這些成分去掉，上述情況自然會(huì)一目了然。

3．doing 

從功能上看，現(xiàn)在分詞做定語(yǔ)表示 1）主動(dòng)（及物）；2）進(jìn)行（不及物）。做定語(yǔ)時(shí)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句 (主動(dòng))。    

The man standing over there is my father．

→The man who is standing over there is my father．

站在那兒的男人是我爸爸。

與to do 和done 作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的不同，doing 作定語(yǔ)表進(jìn)行的時(shí)侯，可以通過(guò)加上which + be /that + be / who + be變成定語(yǔ)從句，但是只單純地表主動(dòng)的時(shí)侯，我們就得根據(jù)人稱和時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的調(diào)整了。如下面的句子：

There is a great deal of evidence indicating that music activities engage different parts of the brain.

→There is a great deal of evidence which indicates that music activities engage different parts of the brain.

 （這里which indicates變成了indicating）

有大量的證據(jù)表明，音樂(lè)可以使大腦不同部分都參與到活動(dòng)中。

二、作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)的加減法原則

由于非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，這些非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞邏輯上的主語(yǔ)，與句子的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該一致，所以在增減主語(yǔ)時(shí)也有相應(yīng)的加減法，但是能夠整體進(jìn)行加減的例子還應(yīng)以done作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)較為明顯,而doing則次之。

1. doing 作狀語(yǔ)

（1）doing短語(yǔ)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。

While reading the book, he nodded from time to time.       

→While he was reading the book ,he nodded from time to

time .

他一邊看書，一邊不時(shí)地點(diǎn)頭。

Seeing that she was going off to sleep，I asked if she’d like that little doll on her bed.

→When I saw that she was going off to sleep， I asked if she’d like that little doll on her bed.

    ( 在這里When I saw變成了Seeing)

看到她要離去睡覺(jué)，我問(wèn)她是否想要她床上的那個(gè)小娃娃。

    Having Waited in the queen for half an hour the old man suddenly realized be had left the cheque in the car.

→After he had waited in the queen for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized be had left the cheque in the car.

（在這里After he had waited變成了Having Waited）

那個(gè)老頭在排了半小時(shí)隊(duì)伍后，突然意識(shí)到他把支票落在車?yán)锪恕?span lang=EN-US>

（2）doing分詞短語(yǔ)作原因狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。

Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him.      

→Because I don’t know his address , I can’t send this book to him. 

（這里because I don’t know變成了Not knowing）

因?yàn)椴恢浪牡刂罚也荒馨堰@本書送給他。  

Having failed to reach them on the phone，we sent an email instead .

→Because we had failed to reach them on the phone，we sent an email instead .

（這里because we had failed 變成了Having failed）

通過(guò)電話沒(méi)有找到他們，于是我們給他們發(fā)了一封電子郵件。

（3）doing分詞間或也可作讓步狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句。如：
Working so hard, he failed again.

→Although he worked so hard , he failed again .

(這里Although he worked so hard變成了Working so hard )

盡管他努力工作，但是他還是失敗了。

（4）doing分詞短語(yǔ)作條件狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句。如：

Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the site.

→If you turn to the left , you will find the path leading to the site.

（這里if you turn to the left變成Turning to the left）

如果你向右拐彎，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)通往營(yíng)地的小路的。

（5）doing作伴隨狀語(yǔ)，一般轉(zhuǎn)換為并列結(jié)構(gòu):

He is a student at Oxford University, studying for a degree in computer science.

→He is a student at Oxford University, and he is studying for a degree in computer science.

他是牛津大學(xué)的一名學(xué)生，在計(jì)算機(jī)系攻讀學(xué)位。

2. done 作狀語(yǔ)

（1）作條件狀語(yǔ)，可轉(zhuǎn)換為if, once或unless等引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句。如：

Given the right kind of training , these teenage soccer players may one day grew the international stars.

→If they are given the right kind of training , these teenage soccer players may one day grew the international stars.

接受合適的訓(xùn)練，這些少年足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員將來(lái)可能會(huì)成為國(guó)際明星。

（2）作原因狀語(yǔ)，可轉(zhuǎn)換為as, since或because等引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句。如：

Bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog.

→Because he had been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog.

被咬了兩次，那個(gè)郵遞員拒絕為我們送信，除非我們拴住我們的狗。

Driven by a greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses.

→Because they are driven by a greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses.

由于蔬菜的大量需求，農(nóng)民建造了更多溫室

（3）過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，可轉(zhuǎn)換為when, while或after等引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句。如：

Seen from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. 

→When it is seen from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.   

從塔的上面看去，南面的山腳是一片樹(shù)的海洋。

（4）作讓步狀語(yǔ)，可轉(zhuǎn)換為although, though或even if等引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句。如：

Although exhausted by the climb, they continued our journey.

→Although they were exhausted by the climb, they continued our journey.

雖然爬得很累，但他們?nèi)匀焕^續(xù)我們的旅程。

（5）作方式或伴隨狀語(yǔ)。相當(dāng)于方式狀語(yǔ)從句或并列結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

The teacher came in, followed by her students.

→The teacher came in, and she was followed by her students.

老師走進(jìn)來(lái)，（她）后面跟著她的學(xué)生們。 

– Who should be responsible for the accident?
– The boss not the workers. They just carried out the order

as told .

→– Who should be responsible for the accident?
– The boss not the workers. They just carried out the

order as they had been told .

-誰(shuí)應(yīng)該為此次事故承擔(dān)責(zé)任？

-是老板而不是工人們。工人們只是執(zhí)行老板發(fā)出的命令而已。

綜上所述，巧用加減法會(huì)使我們?cè)谡Z(yǔ)法教學(xué)中化難為易，化陌生為熟悉，尤其是在非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的教學(xué)中，更能使我們把這個(gè)令人頭疼的知識(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化為學(xué)生耳熟能詳?shù)臓钫Z(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句，從而一舉攻克這個(gè)知識(shí)難點(diǎn)。