中學(xué)英語語法簡表(3)
Langzi選編
七.情態(tài)動詞
I. 情態(tài)動詞基本用法:
情態(tài)動詞 |
用法 |
否定式 |
疑問式與簡答 |
can |
能力(體力,智力,技能)
允許或許可(口語中常用)
可能性(表猜測,用于否定句或疑問句中) |
can not / cannot /can’t do |
Can…do…?
Yes,…can.
No,…can’t. |
could |
couldn’t do |
may |
可以(問句中表示請求)
可能,或許(表推測)
祝愿(用于倒裝句中) |
may not do |
May…do…? Yes,…may.
No,…mustn’t/can’t. |
might |
might not do |
Might…do…? Yes,…might
No,…might not. |
must |
必須,應(yīng)該(表主觀要求)
肯定,想必(肯定句中表推測) |
must not/mustn’t do |
Must…do…? Yes,…must.
No,…needn’t/don’t have to. |
have to |
只好,不得不(客觀的必須,有時態(tài)人稱變化) |
don’t have to do |
Do…h(huán)ave to do…?
Yes,…do. No,…don’t. |
ought to |
應(yīng)當(dāng)(表示義務(wù)責(zé)任,口語中多用should |
ought not to/oughtn’t to do |
Ought…to do…?
Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn’t. |
shall |
將要,會
用于一三人稱征求對方意見
用于二三人稱表示許諾、命令、警告、威脅等 |
shall not/shan’t do |
Shall…do…?
Yes,…shall. No,…shan’t. |
should |
應(yīng)當(dāng),應(yīng)該(表義務(wù)責(zé)任)
本該(含有責(zé)備意味) |
should not/shouldn’t do |
Should…do…? |
will |
意愿,決心
請求,建議,用在問句中would比較委婉 |
will not/won’t do |
Will…do…?
Yes,…will. No,…won’t. |
would |
would not/wouldn’t do |
dare |
敢(常用于否定句和疑問句中) |
dare not/daren’t do |
Dare…do…?
Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t. |
need |
需要
必須(常用于否定句和疑問句中) |
need not/needn’t do |
Need…do…?
Yes,…must. No,…needn’t. |
used to |
過去常常(現(xiàn)在已不再) |
used not/usedn’t/usen’t to do
didn’t use to do |
Used…to do…?
Yes,…used. No,…use(d)n’t.
Did…use to do…?
Yes,…did. No,…didn’t. |
II. 情態(tài)動詞must, may, might, could, can表示推測:
以must為例。must + do(be)是推測現(xiàn)在存在的一般狀態(tài)進(jìn)行;must + be doing 推測可能正在進(jìn)行的事情;must +have done是推測可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的事情。
1. must“肯定,一定”語氣強,只用于肯定句中。
He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.
2. may和might“也許”,后者語氣弱,更沒有把握??捎糜诳隙ň浜头穸ň?。
He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.
3. can和could“可能”,could表示可疑的可能性,不及can’t語氣強,用于肯定、否定、疑問句中。
The weather in that city could be cold now.
We could have walked there; it was so near.(推測某事本來可能發(fā)生,但實際上沒有發(fā)生)
Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(語氣很強,常用于疑問句和否定句中)
III. 情態(tài)動詞注意點:
1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表達(dá)“某事終于成功”,而can無法表達(dá)此意。Be able to有更多的時態(tài)。另外,兩者不能重疊使用。
2. used to和would: used to表示過去常常做現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再有的習(xí)慣,而would只表示過去的習(xí)慣或喜好,不涉及現(xiàn)在。
3. need和dare作情態(tài)動詞和實義動詞的區(qū)別:
兩者作情態(tài)動詞時常用于否定句和疑問句。其形式為:needn’t/daren’t do;Need/dare…do…?
做實義動詞時可用于肯定句,否定句和疑問句。其形式為:need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do
八.非謂語動詞
I. 非謂語動詞的分類、意義及構(gòu)成:
非謂語形式 |
構(gòu)成 |
特征和作用 |
時態(tài)和語態(tài) |
否定式 |
復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) |
不定式 |
to do
to be doing
to have done |
to be done
to have been done |
在非謂語前加not |
for sb. to do sth. |
具有名詞,副詞和形容詞的作用
在句中做主、賓、定、表和狀語 |
分詞 |
現(xiàn)在分詞 |
doing
having done |
being done
having been done |
|
具有副詞和形容詞的作用
在句中做定、表、賓補和狀語 |
過去分詞 |
done |
|
動名詞 |
doing
having done |
being done
having been done |
sb’s doing |
具有名詞的作用
在句中做主、賓、定和表語 |
II. 做賓語的非謂語動詞比較:
情況 |
常用動詞 |
只接不定式做賓語的動詞 |
hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen |
只接動名詞做賓語的動詞或短語 |
mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider |
can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to |
兩者都可以 |
意義基本相同 |
begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不定式多指具體的動作,接動名詞多指一般或習(xí)慣行為) |
need, want, require(接動名詞主動形式表示被動意義,若接不定式則應(yīng)用被動形式) |
意義相反 |
stop to do 停止手中事,去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在做的事 |
意義不同 |
remember/forget/regret to do(指動作尚未發(fā)生)
remember/forget/regret doing(指動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生) |
go on to do(接著做另外一件事)
go on doing(接著做同一件事) |
try to do(設(shè)法,努力去做,盡力)
try doing(試試去做,看有何結(jié)果) |
mean to do(打算做,企圖做)
mean doing (意識是,意味著) |
can’t help to do(不能幫忙做) can’t help doing(忍不住要做) |
III.非謂語動詞做賓語補足語的區(qū)別:
|
常見動詞 |
與賓語的邏輯關(guān)系及時間概念 |
例句 |
不定式 |
ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage |
主謂關(guān)系。強調(diào)動作將發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成 |
I heard him call me several times. |
have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make |
現(xiàn)在分詞 |
notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel |
主謂關(guān)系。強調(diào)動作正在進(jìn)行,尚未完成 |
I found her listening to the radio. |
過去分詞 |
動賓關(guān)系。動作已經(jīng)完成,多強調(diào)狀態(tài) |
We found the village greatly changed. |
IV. 非謂語動詞做定語的區(qū)別:
|
區(qū)別 |
舉例 |
不定式 |
與被修飾詞往往有動賓關(guān)系,一般式表示將來,進(jìn)行式表示與謂語動作同時發(fā)生,完成式表示在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生 |
I have a lot of papers to type.
I have a lot of papers to be typed. |
動名詞 |
通常指被修飾詞的用途,無邏輯上的任何關(guān)系 |
Shall we go to the swimming pool? |
現(xiàn)在分詞 |
與被修飾詞之間是主謂關(guān)系,表示動作與謂語動作同時發(fā)生 |
the boiling water / the boiled water
the developing country/the developed country
the falling leaves / the fallen leaves |
過去分詞 |
與被修飾詞之間是被動關(guān)系,表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前,現(xiàn)已經(jīng)完成 |
V. 非謂語動詞做主語和表語的區(qū)別:
|
區(qū)別 |
舉例 |
不定式 |
多表示一個特定的具體的將來的動作,做主語時可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表語有時可和主語交換位置,而且意義不變,并且還能用what來提問主語或表語。 |
My dream is to become a teacher.
To obey the law is important.
(dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主語時常用) |
動名詞 |
與不定式的功能區(qū)別不大,然而它更接近于名詞,表示的動作比較抽象,或者泛指習(xí)慣性的動作,有時也可以用it做形式主語,做表語時可以和主語互換位置。 |
It is no use saying that again and again.
Teaching is my job. |
分詞 |
無名詞的性質(zhì),不能做主語。但是有形容詞的性質(zhì),可以做表語,多表明主語的特征性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)等,可被very, quite, rather等副詞修飾。
現(xiàn)在分詞多含有“令人…”之意,說明主語的性質(zhì)特征,多表示主動,主語多為物。過去分詞一般表示被動或主語所處的狀態(tài),含有“感到…”之意,主語多是人。 |
The situation is encouraging.
The book is well written.
(常見分詞有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing及其-ed形式) |
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