倒裝是中學階段的一個重要的語法知識點,也是高考命題熱點之一。下面筆者就來談?wù)勊挠梅ā?
一、完全倒裝 完全倒裝是把謂語動詞完全置于主語前,其中主語必須是名詞,若為代詞則不倒裝,這種結(jié)構(gòu)中謂語部分無助動詞( be ,do ,have )和情態(tài)動詞,但可以有連系動詞 be .須用完全倒裝的情況有: 1. 當句首為副詞 out ,in ,up ,down ,off ,here ,there 等,且主語為名詞時,應(yīng)用完全倒裝。如: In came the doctor. 醫(yī)生進來了。 There goes the bell. 鈴響了。 2. 當表示地點的介詞短語位于句首,且主語為名詞時,應(yīng)用完全倒裝。如: On top of the hill stands a big pine tree. 山頂上聳立著一棵大松樹。 Under the tree were some children. 樹下有一些孩子。 3. 在 there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中,there 為引導詞,be 動詞之后為句子的主語,屬完全倒裝,be 應(yīng)與主語保持一致。除 be 以外,能與 there 連用的動詞還有 seem ,exist ,happen ,appear ,live ,stand 等。如: There were a lot of people in the park last Sunday. 上周日公園里有很多人。 Once there lived a king who was cruel to his people. 從前有一位對人民很殘暴的國王。 4. 作表語的形容詞、過去分詞等較短,而主語相對比較長,為了保持句子平衡而將表語前置時,句子的主謂也應(yīng)完全倒裝。如: Typical for China is the crosstalk show, in which two comedians entertain the audiences with words. 中國典型的藝術(shù)形式是相聲,兩名演員用言語來逗樂觀眾。 Gone are the days when we Chinese were looked down upon. 中國人民被歧視的日子已成為過去。 5. 某些表示祝愿的句子也可用完全倒裝(或部分倒裝)。如: Long live the Chinese Communist Party of China! 中國共產(chǎn)黨萬歲! May you succeed! 祝你成功! 二、部分倒裝 部分倒裝則是將助動詞調(diào)到主語前,主語可以是名詞也可以是代詞。通常應(yīng)使用部分倒裝的情況有: 1. 當句首為否定或半否定詞 never ,neither ,nor ,little ,seldom ,hardly ,scarcely ,in no way ,few , not ,no 等時,應(yīng)用部分倒裝。如: Seldom does he spend his time playing cards. 他很少花時間去玩撲克。 Never have I heard of that place before. 我以前從未聽說過那個地方。 2. only 修飾時間、地點、方式、原因等狀語時,應(yīng)用部分倒裝。如: Only in this way can we solve the problem. 只有這樣,我們才能解決這個問題。 Only when you told me did I know her name. 直到你告訴我,我才知道她的名字。 注意:如果 only 修飾的不是狀語,則句子不倒裝。如: Only Uncle Li knows how it happened. 只有李叔叔知道這件事是怎么發(fā)生的。 3. 表示對前者的陳述也適用后者時,肯定倒裝用“ so + 助動詞/情態(tài)動詞 + 后者”,否定倒裝用“ neither / nor + 助動詞 / 情態(tài)動詞 + 后者”。如: He can speak English,so can I. 他會說英語,我也會。 If she doesn’t go there tomorrow,neither / nor will I. 如果她明天不去那兒,我也不去。 注意“ so + 助動詞 / 情態(tài)動詞 + 主語”與“ so + 主語 + 助動詞 / 情態(tài)動詞”的區(qū)別: 前者表示所說的主語和前面主語的情況一樣,所談到的是兩個人或物,意為“……也是這樣”;后者所談為同一人或物,說話者表示同意前者的觀點,意為“的確如此”。如: — Li Lei likes sports. 李雷喜歡運動。 — So he does and so do I. 他的確喜歡,我也是的。 4. so 及“ so + 形容詞 / 副詞”置于句首時,應(yīng)用部分倒裝。如: So frightened was he that he didn’t dare move. 他如此驚慌以至不敢動彈。 So quietly did she speak that we could not hear a word. 她說話聲音這么低,以至我們一個字也沒聽到。 5. such 及“ such + 形容詞 + 名詞”置于句首時,應(yīng)用部分倒裝。如: Such is Zhong Cheng, a kind and helpful student. 這就是仲成,一個善良、樂于助人的學生。 Such good players are they that they often win. 他們是好隊員,所以他們經(jīng)常獲勝。 6. 由 not only …… but also …… 引起的并列句,若將 not only 置于句首時,該分句應(yīng)部分倒裝, but also 引導的分句不倒裝。而由 neither …… nor …… 引起的并列句,兩個分句都倒裝。如: Not only did he give me some advice,but also he lent me some money. 他不但給我提了建議,而且還借給了我一些錢。 Neither does he watch TV,nor does he see films in the evening. 他晚上既不看電視也不看電影。 7. 由連接詞 No sooner …… than ,Scarcely …… when ,Hardly …… when 引起的主從復合句,主句應(yīng)倒裝,從句不倒裝。如: No sooner had he gone to bed than he fell asleep. 他一上床就睡著了。 Hardly had I got into the classroom when it began to rain. 我剛一進教室天就下起雨來。 8. not until 引起的時間狀語置于句首時,句子的主謂應(yīng)部分倒裝。由 not until 引導的時間狀語從句位于句首時,主句應(yīng)部分倒裝,從句語序不變。如: Not until 1998 did he return to his hometown. 直到 1998 年他才回到家鄉(xiāng)。 Not until Father came back did we begin to have supper last night. 昨晚直到父親回來,我們才開始吃晚飯。 注意:當not until 引導的狀語或狀語從句用于強調(diào)句型時,句子的主語不倒裝。如將上兩句改為強調(diào)句應(yīng)為: It was not until 1998 that he returned to his hometown. It was not until Father came back that we began to have supper last night. 9. 省略 if 的虛擬條件句,可將 were ,had ,should 提至主語前。如: Were I you,I would go there tomorrow. 要是我是你,我明天就會去那兒。 Had you been there,you would have met the manager himself. 要是你去了那兒,你就會見到經(jīng)理本人了。 10. 表示時間頻率且有肯定意義的詞語 often ,every day ,now and again 等置于句首用來強調(diào)時,應(yīng)用部分倒裝。如: Often does he send me e-mails to greet me. 他經(jīng)常給我發(fā)電子信件問候我。 三、主謂不倒裝的倒裝句 1. as / though 引起讓步狀語從句,可將表語或狀語置于句首,但主謂不顛倒順序。如: Tired as / though he is,he is still working. 盡管他很累,他還是在工作。 Carefully as / though she listened,she didn’t catch a word. 盡管她聽得很仔細,她還是什么也沒聽到。 若將含有不定冠詞修飾的表語提前,則應(yīng)省去不定冠詞 a / an .如: Child as / though he is,he knows a lot. 盡管他還是個孩子,卻已經(jīng)懂得很多。 2. however,no matter now 修飾形容詞或副詞時要前置,用以加強語氣,該讓步狀語從句的主謂不倒裝。如: However hard the problem is, I am determined to work it out. 不管這道題有多難,我也決心將它算出來。 No matter how heavily it was raining outside, he insisted going there. 不管外面下多大的雨,他也要堅持去那兒。 |
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