英語十六種時(shí)態(tài)總結(jié)英語共有十六種時(shí)態(tài),其表現(xiàn)形式如下(以study為例):
時(shí)態(tài)(Tense)是表示行為、動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)在各種時(shí)間條件下的動(dòng)詞形式。因此,當(dāng)我們說時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)候,指的是相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)下的動(dòng)詞形式。 英語時(shí)態(tài)分為16種:一般現(xiàn)在、一般過去、一般將來、過去將來時(shí),以及這四者的進(jìn)行時(shí)、完成時(shí)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。 一. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 用法: A) 表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作、情況、狀態(tài)和特征。B) 習(xí)慣用語。C) 經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。 D) 客觀事實(shí)和普遍真理。尤其要注意,如果前后文不是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),則無法保持 E) 表示一個(gè)按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,(僅限于某些表示“來、去、動(dòng) 例:The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon. How often does this shuttle bus run? (這班車多久一趟?) F) 在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句里經(jīng)常用一般現(xiàn)在(有時(shí)也用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))表示將來事情 時(shí)間狀語: always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays, etc. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):①be動(dòng)詞;②行為動(dòng)詞 否定形式:①am/is/are+not;②此時(shí)態(tài)的謂語動(dòng)詞若為行為動(dòng)詞,則在其前加don't,如主語為第三人稱單數(shù),則用doesn't,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。 一般疑問句:①把be動(dòng)詞放于句首;②用助動(dòng)詞do提問,如主語為第三人稱單數(shù),則用does,同時(shí),還原行為動(dòng)詞。 二. 一般過去時(shí) 用法: A) 表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。 B) 表示過去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。特別是由would/ used to do表達(dá)的句型,本身表示的 He used to visit his mother once a week.(他以前總是每周看望一次他的母親。)
時(shí)間狀語:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):①be動(dòng)詞;②行為動(dòng)詞 否定形式:①was/were+not;②在行為動(dòng)詞前加didn't,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。 一般疑問句:①was或were放于句首;②用助動(dòng)詞do的過去式did提問,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。 三. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(be doing) 概念:表示現(xiàn)階段或說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作及行為。 時(shí)間狀語:now, at this time, these days, etc. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):am/is/are+doing 否定形式:am/is/are+not+doing. 一般疑問句:把be動(dòng)詞放于句首。 四、過去進(jìn)行時(shí): 用法: A) 表示在過去一個(gè)比較具體的時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 例:Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.(10分鐘前,瑪麗正在聽輕音樂。) B) 如果when, while這樣的時(shí)間狀語引導(dǎo)詞所引導(dǎo)的主從句之一是一般過去時(shí),則另一個(gè)句子常用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。 例:I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.(你敲前門時(shí)我正在洗頭發(fā)。) 時(shí)間狀語:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引導(dǎo)的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語等。 基本結(jié)構(gòu):was/were+doing 否定形式:was/were + not + doing. 一般疑問句:把was或were放于句首。 五、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(have done) 用法: A) 表示動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成或剛剛完成。 B) 表示從過去某時(shí)刻開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或情況,并且有可能會(huì)繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。此時(shí)經(jīng)常用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。時(shí)間狀語常用since加一個(gè)過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn),或for加一段時(shí)間,或by加一個(gè)現(xiàn)在時(shí)間。 注意事項(xiàng) 時(shí)間狀語:recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):have/has + done 否定形式:have/has + not +d one. 一般疑問句:have或has。 六. 過去完成時(shí)(had done) 概念:以過去某個(gè)時(shí)間為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),在此以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為,或在過去某動(dòng)作之前完成的行為,即“過去的過去”。 時(shí)間狀語:before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):had + done. 否定形式:had + not + done. 一般疑問句:had放于句首 七、一般將來時(shí): 概念:表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計(jì)劃或準(zhǔn)備做某事。 時(shí)間狀語:tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):①am/is/are/going to + do;②will/shall + do. ③、be to do 否定形式:①was/were + not; ②在行為動(dòng)詞前加didn't,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。 一般疑問句:①be放于句首;②will/shall提到句首。 分別用法: A) 基本結(jié)構(gòu)是will / shall do。 例:We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift. B) 有些動(dòng)詞,如:arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等,用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),并且通常與一個(gè)表示將來時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語連用,可以表示將來時(shí)。 例:My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.(我媽媽下周將來看我,并會(huì)呆到5月。) C) 表示“打算去……,要……”時(shí),可用be going to do。 例:This is just what I am going to say.(這正是我想說的。) D) 表示“即將、正要”時(shí),可用be about to do。強(qiáng)調(diào)近期內(nèi)或馬上要做的事。 例:Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you. E) "be to do" 表示“按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生某事或打算做某事”。 F) 同樣可以表示“正要、將要”的意思的句型是be on the point of doing。 例:The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points. I was _______ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived. A) in B) to C) at D) on 答案是D)。on the point of doing 是固定詞組,意思是“正要、打算”。全句的意思是:“當(dāng)他的信到的時(shí)候我正要打電話給他?!?/span> 注意事項(xiàng): 在以if, when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless等連詞以及具有連詞作用的副詞(immediately, the moment, directly)等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句,一般用現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。強(qiáng)調(diào)延續(xù)性或動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí),可用完成時(shí)。 例:I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.(我希望到明年你回來的時(shí)候,他的身體已經(jīng)好多了。) 八、過去將來時(shí): 概念:立足于過去某一時(shí)刻,從過去看將來,常用于賓語從句中。 時(shí)間狀語:the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):①was/were/going to + do;②would/should + do. 否定形式:①was/were/not + going to + do;②would/should + not + do. 一般疑問句:①was或were放于句首;②would/should提到句首。 例 九 用法:表示某一動(dòng)作開始于過去某一時(shí)間,延續(xù)或重復(fù)地出現(xiàn)至今,或?qū)⒗^續(xù)延續(xù)至將來。 例:We have been working on this project for over a month now.(到目前為止,我們一直在處理那個(gè)項(xiàng)目,已經(jīng)花了一個(gè)多月時(shí)間了。) 注意事項(xiàng):與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)相比,現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)更強(qiáng)調(diào):在從過去到現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間里,動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)或一直反復(fù)出現(xiàn)。 十、 將來完成時(shí)(will have done) 用法:表示從將來的某一時(shí)間開始、延續(xù)到另一個(gè)將來時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),或是發(fā)生在某個(gè)將來時(shí)間,但對其后的另一個(gè)將來時(shí)間有影響的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。就好象把現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)平移到時(shí)間軸的將來時(shí)時(shí)段一樣。其用法從和過去及現(xiàn)在有關(guān),變成了和將來及將來的將來有關(guān)。 例 The conference __________ a full week by the time it ends. A) must have lasted B) will have lasted 以下六種時(shí)態(tài)考察較少 十一. 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)(will be doing) 例:Don't worry, you won't miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.(別擔(dān)心,你不會(huì)認(rèn)不出她的。她到時(shí)會(huì)穿一件紅色的T恤衫和一條白色的短裙。) 注意事項(xiàng):由于本時(shí)態(tài)是由將來時(shí)和進(jìn)行時(shí)融合在一起的,所以關(guān)于本時(shí)態(tài)的注意事項(xiàng),可參考"一般將來時(shí)"和"現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)"的有關(guān)注意事項(xiàng)。 十二、將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí):shall have been doing ,will have been doing 例:By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years. (到下個(gè)月底為止,這項(xiàng)工程就已經(jīng)不停地進(jìn)行了3年了。)(被動(dòng)語態(tài)) 十三、過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí):had been doing 例:The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.(我回到家之前,我10歲大的兒子已經(jīng)把這個(gè)舊鐘表拆卸并重新組裝了好幾回了。)(此處強(qiáng)調(diào)“拆卸”和“組裝”這兩個(gè)過去的過去的動(dòng)作一直在反復(fù)進(jìn)行。)(被動(dòng)語態(tài)) 十四、過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí):should be doing , would be doing 例:The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.(政府承諾說第二年7月將有一條新的高速公路正在修建。)(此句的時(shí)間狀語是具體的將來時(shí)間,所以最好用將來進(jìn)行時(shí)。)(此句為被動(dòng)語態(tài)) 十五、 過去將來完成時(shí):should have done , would have done 例:I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.(我堅(jiān)信到那年年底為止,那個(gè)軟件的新版本將被開發(fā)出來。但是我錯(cuò)了。)(此句為被動(dòng)語態(tài)) 十六、 過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí):should have been doing , would have been doing 例:They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years. (他們說到第二個(gè)月底為止,這項(xiàng)工程就已經(jīng)不停地進(jìn)行了3年了。) |
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