動詞ing形式的用法
a. 表示現(xiàn)在( 指說話人說話時) 正在發(fā)生的事情。 We are waiting for you.
b. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行:表示長期的或重復(fù)性的動作,說話時動作未必正在進(jìn)行。
Mr. Green is writing another novel.
(說話時并未在寫,只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。)
She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.
c. 表示漸變的動詞有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
The leaves are turning red.
It's getting warmer and warmer.
d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用,表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài),往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。
You are always changing your mind.
動詞 ing變化規(guī)律
1.英語動詞加-ing,通常是在原形詞尾直接加-ing構(gòu)成:cough—coughing,climb—climbing,stand—standing,fight—fighting
2.以-e結(jié)尾的動詞
(1)如果動詞原形以一輔音加一不發(fā)音的-e結(jié)尾,一般應(yīng)去掉e再加ing:
write—writing,hope—hoping,care—caring,stare—staring,plane—plan-ing,have—having,save—saving, produce—producing, breathe—breathing
(2)以-ie結(jié)尾的動詞應(yīng)先將e去掉,將i變成y然后再加-ing:
die—dying,tie—tying,vie—vying,lie—lying
(3)以-ee,-oe,-ye結(jié)尾的動詞加-ing時應(yīng)保留詞尾e:
see—seeing,flee—fleeing,free—freeing,agree—agreeing,hoe—hoeing, dye—dyeing,eye—eyeing
(4)以-ue結(jié)尾的動詞大多應(yīng)先去e再加-ing:
sue—suing,imbue—imbuing,construe—construing,pursue—pursuing, rue—ruing
有時,詞尾e可去掉也可保留:
glue—gluing或 glueing,cue—cuing或 cueing, blue—blueing或 bluing, true—truing或trueing,clue—clueing或cluing
3.以一元音加一輔音結(jié)尾的動詞
(1)如果動詞最后一音節(jié)為重讀閉音節(jié),最后一個字母需要重復(fù):
run—running, stop—stopping, hop—hopping, plan—planning,star—starring, control—controlling但輔音x是個例外,無需重復(fù)(x其實(shí)起著兩個輔音的作用):
tax—taxing,relax—relaxing
(2)如果動詞最后一個音節(jié)為次重讀音節(jié),最后一個字母有時也重復(fù):
kidnap—kadnapping或kidnaping,program—programming或programing
(3)如果動詞最后一個音節(jié)為非重讀音節(jié),最后一個字母大多無需重復(fù):
open—opening,offer—offering, audit—auditing但在有些動詞中,重復(fù)或不重復(fù)均可:
worship—worshiping或 worshipping,focus—focusing或 focussing,cancel—canceling或cancelling,travel—traveling或travelling
以非重讀的-el結(jié)尾的動詞加-ing時,英國英語習(xí)慣于重復(fù)詞尾l,而美國英語則習(xí)慣于不重復(fù)1。
4.若動詞以一元音加一半元音(y或w)結(jié)尾,可直接加-ing:
pay—paying, throw—throwing,follow—following, draw—drawing, em-ploy—employing 5.以-ic結(jié)尾的動詞應(yīng)先在字母c后加一字母k再加-ing:
frolic—frolicking,panic—panicking,mimic—mimicking,picnic—picnicking,traffic—trafficking 這主要是為在動詞后加-ing之后保留/k/這個音。若不在字母c后加字母k而直接加-ing,字母 c的發(fā)音就不再是/k/,而是/s/:
其實(shí),保持發(fā)音不變是英語中的一條一般規(guī)則。再如,在-ing前面無論是增加、保留還是去掉一個字母,都傾向于保留原先的長元音或短元音的發(fā)音:
hoping與hopping staring與starring playing與planning
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