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      MPLS組網(wǎng)案例詳解

       xxqa的新文藝 2015-03-11
      MPLS組網(wǎng)案例詳解
      2011-09-08      0 個(gè)評(píng)論      
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      組網(wǎng)需求:
      1.各路由器基本信息配置
      2.OSPF規(guī)范配置,修改網(wǎng)絡(luò)類型為點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)
      3.所有路由器運(yùn)行OSPF,RT4 E3/0、RT5 E3/0 network至OSPF中,RT1E3/0重發(fā)布直連到OSPF中
      4.所有路由器運(yùn)行MPLS,標(biāo)簽分發(fā)協(xié)議為LDP
      5.RT4和RT5運(yùn)行IBGP,并將E3/1發(fā)布至BGP中
      前面配置略
      IGP配置如下:
      RT1:
      router ospf 1
       router-id 1.1.1.1
       passive-interface default
       no passive-interface Serial0/1
       no passive-interface Serial0/2
       redistribute connected metric 1000 subnets
       network 1.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
       network 10.0.12.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
       network 10.0.13.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
      RT2:
      router ospf 1
       router-id 2.2.2.2
       passive-interface default
       no passive-interface Serial0/0
       no passive-interface Serial0/1
       no passive-interface FastEthernet1/0
       network 2.2.2.2 0.0.0.0 area 0
       network 10.0.12.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
       network 10.0.23.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
       network 10.0.24.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
      interface f1/0
      ip ospf network point-to-point
      RT3:
      router ospf 1
       router-id 3.3.3.3
       passive-interface default
       no passive-interface Serial0/0
       no passive-interface Serial0/1
       no passive-interface FastEthernet1/0
       network 3.3.3.3 0.0.0.0 area 0
       network 10.0.13.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
       network 10.0.23.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
       network 10.0.35.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
      interface f1/0
      ip ospf network point-to-point
      RT4:
      router ospf 1
       router-id 4.4.4.4
       passive-interface default
       no passive-interface Serial0/0
       network 4.4.4.4 0.0.0.0 area 0
       network 10.0.24.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
       network 172.16.4.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
      RT5:
      router ospf 1
       router-id 5.5.5.5
       passive-interface default
       no passive-interface Serial0/0
       network 5.5.5.5 0.0.0.0 area 0
       network 10.0.35.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
       network 172.16.5.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
      MPLS配置:
      RT1、RT2、RT3、RT4、RT5如下配置:
      全局配置模式:
      ip cef        //運(yùn)行MPLS必須開啟CEF
      mpls ip      //開啟MPLS
      mpls label protocol ldp //選擇MPLS標(biāo)簽分發(fā)協(xié)議為LDP(默認(rèn)是TDP,CISCO私有)
      再在所有MPLS網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的接口開啟MPLS
      RT1:
      int s0/1
      mpls ip
      int s0/2
      mpls ip 
      RT2的S0/0、F1/0、S0/1,RT3的S0/0、F1/0、S0/1,RT4、RT5的S0/1做以上配置
      IBGP的配置:
      RT4:
      router bgp 65000
       no synchronization
       network 172.17.4.0 mask 255.255.255.0
       neighbor 5.5.5.5 remote-as 65000
       neighbor 5.5.5.5 update-source Loopback0
       neighbor 5.5.5.5 next-hop-self
       no auto-summary
      RT5:
      router bgp 65000
       no synchronization
       network 172.17.5.0 mask 255.255.255.0
       neighbor 4.4.4.4 remote-as 65000
       neighbor 4.4.4.4 update-source Loopback0
       neighbor 4.4.4.4 next-hop-self
       no auto-summary

      RT1#show ip cef detail             //查看CEF的詳細(xì)信息
      4.4.4.4/32, version 23, epoch 0, cached adjacency to Serial0/1
      0 packets, 0 bytes
        tag information set
          local tag: 23      //本地標(biāo)簽18 也就是進(jìn)來的標(biāo)簽,交換標(biāo)簽(SWAP)
          fast tag rewrite with Se0/1, point2point, tags imposed: {22}//壓入標(biāo)簽PUSH 22
        via 10.0.12.2, Serial0/1, 0 dependencies
          next hop 10.0.12.2, Serial0/1
          valid cached adjacency
          tag rewrite with Se0/1, point2point, tags imposed: {22}
      RT1#show mpls ldp discovery  //查看LDP發(fā)現(xiàn)消息
       Local LDP Identifier:
          1.1.1.1:0                //本地LDP標(biāo)識(shí)為1.1.1.1
          Discovery Sources:
          Interfaces:             //LDP發(fā)現(xiàn)消息的來源
              Serial0/1 (ldp): xmit/recv  //從S0/1接口發(fā)送或接收到LDP發(fā)現(xiàn)消息
                  LDP Id: 2.2.2.2:0   //LDP ID為2.2.2.2
              Serial0/2 (ldp): xmit/recv//從S0/2接口發(fā)送或接收到LDP發(fā)現(xiàn)消息
                  LDP Id: 3.3.3.3:0   //LDP ID為3.3.3.3
      RT1#show mpls ldp neighbor     //查看LDP的鄰居信息
          Peer LDP Ident: 3.3.3.3:0; Local LDP Ident 1.1.1.1:0   //對(duì)端LDP ID3.3.3.3和本地LDP ID 1.1.1.1
              TCP connection: 3.3.3.3.37601 - 1.1.1.1.646   //TCP連接 IP+端口號(hào)
              State: Oper; Msgs sent/rcvd: 30/31; Downstream  //狀態(tài):運(yùn)行中
              Up time: 00:14:16
              LDP discovery sources:
                Serial0/2, Src IP addr: 10.0.13.2  //LDP發(fā)現(xiàn)消息的來源和IP
              Addresses bound to peer LDP Ident:   //對(duì)端LDP需要彈出MPLS標(biāo)簽的地址
                10.0.13.2       3.3.3.3         10.0.23.2       10.0.35.1      
          Peer LDP Ident: 2.2.2.2:0; Local LDP Ident 1.1.1.1:0
              TCP connection: 2.2.2.2.54420 - 1.1.1.1.646
              State: Oper; Msgs sent/rcvd: 20/20; Downstream
              Up time: 00:04:34
              LDP discovery sources:
                Serial0/1, Src IP addr: 10.0.12.2
              Addresses bound to peer LDP Ident:
                10.0.12.2       2.2.2.2         10.0.23.1       10.0.24.1 
      注意:MPLS的標(biāo)簽分發(fā)是隨機(jī)的(從16往上遞增,0-15為公認(rèn)系統(tǒng)標(biāo)簽),你們有可能分得的標(biāo)簽跟我不一樣!
      我們來分析一下RT4的172.16.4.0這條路由在MPLS網(wǎng)絡(luò)的傳播:
      首先RT4上運(yùn)行了MPLS,會(huì)為所有的IGP路由表分發(fā)標(biāo)簽(BGP路由不發(fā)標(biāo)簽),RT2收到RT4分發(fā)的標(biāo)簽
      RT2#show mpls ldp bindings            //顯示標(biāo)簽信息庫
       tib entry: 172.16.4.0/24, rev 18        //路由條目
              local binding:  tag: 20      //本地分發(fā)標(biāo)簽是20(發(fā)給所有LDP鄰居) 
              remote binding: tsr: 4.4.4.4:0, tag: imp-null  //4.4.4.4分發(fā)的特殊標(biāo)簽3(用來作倒數(shù)第二跳彈出)
              remote binding: tsr: 3.3.3.3:0, tag: 20 //3.3.3.3分發(fā)的標(biāo)簽20
              remote binding: tsr: 1.1.1.1:0, tag: 24 //1.1.1.1分發(fā)的標(biāo)簽是24
      RT2#show mpls forwarding-table       //查看MPLS的轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)表
      Local  Outgoing    Prefix            Bytes tag  Outgoing   Next Hop   
      tag    tag or VC   or Tunnel Id      switched   interface  
      20     Pop tag     172.16.4.0/24     0          Se0/1      point2point
      本地標(biāo)簽20 出標(biāo)簽3  網(wǎng)絡(luò)前綴  0表示是IPV4 出接口 下一跳(點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)) 
      RT2#show ip route
      O       172.16.4.0 [110/110] via 10.0.24.2, 00:09:31, Serial0/1
      從上面可以看出,MPLS路由器收到同條路由的多個(gè)標(biāo)簽,會(huì)進(jìn)行優(yōu)先,主要是根據(jù)IGP路由表中的下一跳來進(jìn)行選擇,如上MPLS選擇的下一跳是跟IGP路由表是一樣的
      RT3#show mpls ldp bindings
        tib entry: 172.16.4.0/24, rev 18
              local binding:  tag: 20 //本地分發(fā)標(biāo)簽是20(發(fā)給所有LDP鄰居) 
              remote binding: tsr: 5.5.5.5:0, tag: 23
              remote binding: tsr: 2.2.2.2:0, tag: 20 //從RT2上可以看出它為這條路由分發(fā)的標(biāo)簽是20
              remote binding: tsr: 1.1.1.1:0, tag: 24
      RT3#show mpls forwarding-table   //查看MPLS的轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)表
      Local  Outgoing    Prefix            Bytes tag  Outgoing   Next Hop   
      tag    tag or VC   or Tunnel Id      switched   interface  
      20     20          172.16.4.0/24     0          Fa1/0      10.0.23.1
      172.16.4.0進(jìn)標(biāo)簽是20(本地標(biāo)簽)出標(biāo)簽是20,下一跳為10.0.23.1,下一跳為F1/0
      RT3#show ip route
      O       172.16.4.0 [110/210] via 10.0.23.1, 00:11:23, FastEthernet1/0
      可以看出MPLS選擇優(yōu)先選一跳是根據(jù)IGP路由表來的,如果IGP路由表中沒有此路由,將不會(huì)進(jìn)入MPLS轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)表中
      RT5:
      RT5#show mpls ldp bindings
       tib entry: 172.16.4.0/24, rev 24
              local binding:  tag: 23
              remote binding: tsr: 3.3.3.3:0, tag: 20 //收到RT3發(fā)來的標(biāo)簽
      RT5:show mpls forwarding-table
      Local  Outgoing    Prefix            Bytes tag  Outgoing   Next Hop   
      tag    tag or VC   or Tunnel Id      switched   interface 
      23     20          172.16.4.0/24     0          Se0/0      point2point 
      RT5#show ip route 
      O       172.16.4.0 [110/310] via 10.0.35.1, 02:00:34, Serial0/0
      與上面類似,這里不再敘述!
      MPLS是不會(huì)為BGP路由分發(fā)標(biāo)簽的,同時(shí)收到的路由如果在IGP中沒有,也是不會(huì)進(jìn)行MPLS的轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)表的!
      如RT5中有兩條BGP路由,一條是自己產(chǎn)生的,另一條是學(xué)習(xí)到的:
      RT5(config-if)#do show ip bgp
         Network          Next Hop            Metric LocPrf Weight Path
      *>i172.17.4.0/24    4.4.4.4                  0    100      0 i
      *> 172.17.5.0/24    0.0.0.0                  0         32768 i
      我們在RT4上查看標(biāo)簽信息庫
      RT3#show mpls ldp bindings
        tib entry: 172.17.5.0/24, rev 34
              remote binding: tsr: 5.5.5.5:0, tag: imp-null  //我們可以看到RT5為這條路由分發(fā)了一個(gè)標(biāo)簽3(這里會(huì)分發(fā)標(biāo)簽是因?yàn)槭侵边B路由,)在這里并沒有看到為172.17.4.0/24分發(fā)標(biāo)簽,因?yàn)樗荁GP路由,MPLS不為BGP路由分發(fā)標(biāo)簽
      RT3#show mpls forwarding-table
      Local  Outgoing    Prefix            Bytes tag  Outgoing   Next Hop   
      tag    tag or VC   or Tunnel Id      switched   interface             
      16     Pop tag     1.1.1.1/32        0          Se0/0      point2point 
      17     Pop tag     2.2.2.2/32        0          Fa1/0      10.0.23.1   
      18     Pop tag     10.0.12.0/30      0          Fa1/0      10.0.23.1   
             Pop tag     10.0.12.0/30      0          Se0/0      point2point 
      19     Pop tag     10.0.24.0/30      0          Fa1/0      10.0.23.1   
      20     22          4.4.4.4/32        30679      Fa1/0      10.0.23.1   
      21     Pop tag     5.5.5.5/32        5459       Se0/1      point2point 
      22     23          172.16.4.0/24     31211      Fa1/0      10.0.23.1   
      23     Pop tag     172.16.5.0/24     0          Se0/1      point2point 
      我們在RT3的MPLS轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)中并沒有看到172.17.5.0/24網(wǎng)段,因?yàn)樵赗T3中的路由表中沒有,所以不會(huì)進(jìn)入MPLS的轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)表中!
      我們來分析一下RT5的172.16.5.1與172.16.4.1的通信過程:
      首先RT5查詢MPLS的轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)表,找到對(duì)應(yīng)路由出標(biāo)簽號(hào)為20(下以所涉及的轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)表可以看上面),所以再數(shù)據(jù)包的IP頭部前面加入4個(gè)字節(jié)的MPLS標(biāo)簽,標(biāo)簽號(hào)為20,EXP位為0,棧底位為1,同時(shí)將IP中的TTL復(fù)制到MPLS標(biāo)簽中(這里始發(fā)為255),再封裝成HDLC的幀發(fā)送,RT3從S0/1接口收到后,去掉二層幀頭,查看MPLS標(biāo)簽入標(biāo)簽號(hào)為20,查找MPLS轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)表出標(biāo)簽號(hào)為20,出接口為F1/0,同時(shí)交換MPLS標(biāo)簽號(hào)為20,EXP位為0,棧底位為1,同時(shí)TTL-1(轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)一次MPLS TTL-1但是IP中的TTL是不變的,它只涉及到二層),再封裝成以太網(wǎng)幀發(fā)送,RT2從F1/0接收到數(shù)據(jù),拆二層封裝,查MPLS入標(biāo)簽號(hào)為20再查找MPLS轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)表,出標(biāo)簽為 Pop tag (特殊標(biāo)簽3倒數(shù)第二跳彈出)刪除MPLS標(biāo)簽同時(shí)將MPLS標(biāo)簽中的TTL復(fù)制到IP報(bào)文的TTL中,然后查找IP全局路由表,TTL-1=253封裝成以太網(wǎng)幀,再轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)給下一跳,RT4收到數(shù)據(jù)直接轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)給相應(yīng)接口,然后再向RT5發(fā)送回應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)包,以上過程的逆過程!
      補(bǔ)充:在做倒數(shù)第二跳彈出時(shí),E-LSR可能會(huì)分發(fā)的幾種標(biāo)簽
            標(biāo)簽3 隱式空標(biāo)簽 (上游LSR不添加標(biāo)簽,彈出最外層MPLS標(biāo)簽)
            標(biāo)簽0 IPV4顯示空標(biāo)簽 (上游LSR會(huì)添加標(biāo)簽0,E-LSR收到后,直接彈出標(biāo)簽進(jìn)行IVP4轉(zhuǎn)發(fā))
            標(biāo)簽2 IPV6顯示空標(biāo)簽(上游LSR會(huì)添加標(biāo)簽0,E-LSR收到后,直接彈出標(biāo)簽進(jìn)行IVP6轉(zhuǎn)發(fā))
      關(guān)于MPLS中的MTU問題:
      問題1:
      RT5#ping 172.16.4.1 source 172.16.5.1 size 1500 df-bit
      Type escape sequence to abort.
      Sending 5, 1500-byte ICMP Echos to 172.16.4.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
      Packet sent with a source address of 172.16.5.1
      Packet sent with the DF bit set
      .....
      Success rate is 0 percent (0/5)
      這里我PING滿包1500不分片不能通,再測試,
      RT5#ping 172.16.4.1 source 172.16.5.1 size 1496 df-bit
      Type escape sequence to abort.
      Sending 5, 1496-byte ICMP Echos to 172.16.4.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
      Packet sent with a source address of 172.16.5.1
      Packet sent with the DF bit set
      !!!!!
      Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/88/132 ms
      RT5#ping 172.16.4.1 source 172.16.5.1 size 1497 df-bit
      PING包1496不分片卻能通
      Type escape sequence to abort.
      Sending 5, 1497-byte ICMP Echos to 172.16.4.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
      Packet sent with a source address of 172.16.5.1
      Packet sent with the DF bit set
      .....
      Success rate is 0 percent (0/5)
      PING包1497不分片卻不能通
      分析:IP報(bào)文在MPLS鏈路上轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)時(shí),由于壓入了MPLS標(biāo)簽,故報(bào)文長度增加了,原來的1500字節(jié)變成了1504(1497+4=1501)都超過了MPLS的默認(rèn)MTU1500字節(jié),所以不通,然而1496+4=1500不分片剛好通過,所以能通!
      問題2:
      修改鏈路上所有接口的MPLS MTU為1600
      R5S0/0、RT3S0/1、F1/0、RT2S0/1、F1/0、R4S0/0都做修改配置如下:
      int s0/0
      mpls mtu 1600
      其它類似
      RT5#ping 172.16.4.1 source 172.16.5.1 size 1500 df-bit
      Type escape sequence to abort.
      Sending 5, 1500-byte ICMP Echos to 172.16.4.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
      Packet sent with a source address of 172.16.5.1
      Packet sent with the DF bit set
      !!!!!
      Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 64/104/164 ms
      現(xiàn)在能PING了!
      RT5#ping 172.16.4.1 source 172.16.5.1 size 1501 df-bit
      Type escape sequence to abort.
      Sending 5, 1501-byte ICMP Echos to 172.16.4.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
      Packet sent with a source address of 172.16.5.1
      Packet sent with the DF bit set
      M.M.M
      Success rate is 0 percent (0/5)
      如果我PING包1501不分片為什么不能通!
      分析:照理說1501+4=1505要小于1600啊,應(yīng)該能通啊!我開始就范了這樣的錯(cuò)誤,大家注意下這里還有個(gè)接口MTU默認(rèn)是1500字節(jié),也就是在不分片的情況下網(wǎng)絡(luò)層的包大小為1500字節(jié),1501不分片大于1500,所以它再封裝成二層的時(shí)候會(huì)提示包過大,導(dǎo)致封裝失??!如果是1500它剛好能封裝,然后再加MPLS標(biāo)簽大于了1500,這里已經(jīng)跟這個(gè)接口MTU沒什么關(guān)系了,它只管三層的,再多加幾個(gè)MPLS標(biāo)簽都沒關(guān)系,只要MPLS MTU大于或等于它就行!
      問題3:
      如果我不改這條鏈路上所有接口的MPLS MTU,只修改R5S0/0、RT3S0/1、RT2S0/1、R4S0/0
      的接口MTU為1600,修改RT3的F1/0、RT2F1/0的MPLS MTU為1600,ping包500不分片能通嗎?
      配置如下:
      RT4、RT5配置如下:
      int s0/0
      mtu 1600
      RT2、RT3配置如下:
      int s0/1
      mtu 1600
      int f1/0
      mpls mtu 1600
      RT5#ping 172.16.4.1 source 172.16.5.1 size 1500 df-bit
      Type escape sequence to abort.
      Sending 5, 1500-byte ICMP Echos to 172.16.4.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
      Packet sent with a source address of 172.16.5.1
      Packet sent with the DF bit set
      !!!!!
      Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 48/88/136 ms
      顯然也是能通的!原因是修改接口的MTU同時(shí)也就修改了MPLS MTU。因?yàn)槲矣媚M器做實(shí)驗(yàn),也許是IOS過低不能修改以太網(wǎng)接口的MTU,所以就不能演示PNG超過1500不分片的包了.
      RT2#show mpls int s0/1 detail  //查看MPLS接口的詳細(xì)信息
      Interface Serial0/1:
              IP labeling enabled (ldp):
                Interface config
              LSP Tunnel labeling not enabled
              BGP tagging not enabled
              Tagging operational
              Fast Switching Vectors:
                IP to MPLS Fast Switching Vector
                MPLS Turbo Vector
              MTU = 1600   //我只修改了接口的MTU
      問題4:
      RT5pingRT1的S0/2
      Type escape sequence to abort.
      Sending 5, 1500-byte ICMP Echos to 10.0.13.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
      Packet sent with the DF bit set
      !!!!!
      Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 28/63/92 ms
      不做任何修改為什么能通!因?yàn)樗鼈兌甲隽说箶?shù)第二跳彈出,根本就沒做MPLS轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)是IP轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)!大家可以抓包看看!

      作者“凡人世界”

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