一)線程基礎(chǔ)
1、創(chuàng)建線程:
thread模塊提供了start_new_thread函數(shù),用以創(chuàng)建線程。start_new_thread函數(shù)成功創(chuàng)建后還可以對(duì)其進(jìn)行操作。
其函數(shù)原型:
start_new_thread(function,atgs[,kwargs])
其參數(shù)含義如下:
function: 在線程中執(zhí)行的函數(shù)名
args:元組形式的參數(shù)列表。
kwargs: 可選參數(shù),以字典的形式指定參數(shù)
方法一:通過使用thread模塊中的函數(shù)創(chuàng)建新線程。
- >>> import thread
- >>> def run(n):
- for i in range(n):
- print i
-
-
- >>> thread.start_new_thread(run,(4,)) #注意第二個(gè)參數(shù)一定要是元組的形式
- 53840
-
-
- 1
- >>>
- 2
- 3
- KeyboardInterrupt
- >>> thread.start_new_thread(run,(2,))
- 17840
-
-
- 1
- >>>
- thread.start_new_thread(run,(),{'n':4})
- 39720
-
-
- 1
- >>>
- 2
- 3
- thread.start_new_thread(run,(),{'n':3})
- 32480
-
-
- 1
- >>>
- 2
方法二:通過繼承threading.Thread創(chuàng)建線程
- >>> import threading
- >>> class mythread(threading.Thread):
- def __init__(self,num):
- threading.Thread.__init__(self)
- self.num = num
- def run(self): #重載run方法
- print 'I am', self.num
-
-
- >>> t1 = mythread(1)
- >>> t2 = mythread(2)
- >>> t3 = mythread(3)
- >>> t1.start() #運(yùn)行線程t1
- I am
- >>> 1
- t2.start()
- I am
- >>> 2
- t3.start()
- I am
- >>> 3
方法三:使用threading.Thread直接在線程中運(yùn)行函數(shù)。
- import threading
- >>> def run(x,y):
- for i in range(x,y):
- print i
-
- >>> t1 = threading.Thread(target=run,args=(15,20)) #直接使用Thread附加函數(shù)args為函數(shù)參數(shù)
-
- >>> t1.start()
- 15
- >>>
- 16
- 17
- 18
- 19
二)Thread對(duì)象中的常用方法:
1、isAlive方法:
- >>> import threading
- >>> import time
- >>> class mythread(threading.Thread):
- def __init__(self,id):
- threading.Thread.__init__(self)
- self.id = id
- def run(self):
- time.sleep(5) #休眠5秒
- print self.id
-
-
- >>> t = mythread(1)
- >>> def func():
- t.start()
- print t.isAlive() #打印線程狀態(tài)
-
-
- >>> func()
- True
- >>> 1
2、join方法:
原型:join([timeout])
timeout: 可選參數(shù),線程運(yùn)行的最長時(shí)間
- import threading
- >>> import time #導(dǎo)入time模塊
- >>> class Mythread(threading.Thread):
- def __init__(self,id):
- threading.Thread.__init__(self)
- self.id = id
- def run(self):
- x = 0
- time.sleep(20)
- print self.id
-
-
- >>> def func():
- t.start()
- for i in range(5):
- print i
-
-
- >>> t = Mythread(2)
- >>> func()
- 0
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- >>> 2
- def func():
- t.start()
- t.join()
- for i in range(5):
- print i
-
-
- >>> t = Mythread(3)
- >>> func()
- 3
- 0
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- >>>
3、線程名:
- >>> import threading
- >>> class mythread(threading.Thread):
- def __init__(self,threadname):
- threading.Thread.__init__(self,name=threadname)
- def run(self):
- print self.getName()
-
-
- >>>
- >>> t1 = mythread('t1')
- >>> t1.start()
- t1
- >>>
4、setDaemon方法
在腳本運(yùn)行的過程中有一個(gè)主線程,如果主線程又創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)子線程,那么當(dāng)主線程退出時(shí),會(huì)檢驗(yàn)子線程是否完成。如果子線程未完成,則主線程會(huì)在等待子線程完成后退出。
當(dāng)需要主線程退出時(shí),不管子線程是否完成都隨主線程退出,則可以使用Thread對(duì)象的setDaemon方法來設(shè)置。
三)線程同步
1.簡單的線程同步
使用Thread對(duì)象的Lock和RLock可以實(shí)現(xiàn)簡單的線程同步。對(duì)于如果需要每次只有一個(gè)線程操作的數(shù)據(jù),可以將操作過程放在acquire方法和release方法之間。如:
- # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
- import threading
- import time
- class mythread(threading.Thread):
- def __init__(self,threadname):
- threading.Thread.__init__(self,name = threadname)
- def run(self):
- global x #設(shè)置全局變量
- # lock.acquire() #調(diào)用lock的acquire方法
- for i in range(3):
- x = x + 1
- time.sleep(2)
- print x
- # lock.release() #調(diào)用lock的release方法
- #lock = threading.RLock() #生成Rlock對(duì)象
- t1 = []
- for i in range(10):
- t = mythread(str(i))
- t1.append(t)
- x = 0 #將全局變量的值設(shè)為0
- for i in t1:
- i.start()
-
- E:/study/python/workspace>xianchengtongbu.py
- 3
- 6
- 9
- 12
- 15
- 18
- 21
- 24
- 27
- 30
如果將lock.acquire()和lock.release(),lock = threading.Lock()刪除后保存運(yùn)行腳本,結(jié)果將是輸出10個(gè)30。30是x的最終值,由于x是全局變量,每個(gè)線程對(duì)其操作后進(jìn)入休眠狀態(tài),在線程休眠的時(shí)候,python解釋器就執(zhí)行了其他的線程而是x的值增加。當(dāng)所有線程休眠結(jié)束后,x的值已被所有線修改為了30,因此輸出全部為30。
2、使用條件變量保持線程同步。
Python的Condition對(duì)象提供了對(duì)復(fù)制線程同步的支持。使用Condition對(duì)象可以在某些事件觸發(fā)后才處理數(shù)據(jù)。Condition對(duì)象除了具有acquire方法和release的方法外,還有wait方法、notify方法、notifyAll方法等用于條件處理。
- # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
- import threading
- class Producer(threading.Thread):
- def __init__(self,threadname):
- threading.Thread.__init__(self,name = threadname)
- def run(self):
- global x
- con.acquire()
- if x == 1000000:
- con.wait()
- # pass
- else:
- for i in range(1000000):
- x = x + 1
- con.notify()
- print x
- con.release()
- class Consumer(threading.Thread):
- def __init__(self,threadname):
- threading.Thread.__init__(self,name = threadname)
- def run(self):
- global x
- con.acquire()
- if x == 0:
- con.wait()
- #pass
- else:
- for i in range(1000000):
- x = x - 1
- con.notify()
- print x
- con.release()
- con = threading.Condition()
- x = 0
- p = Producer('Producer')
- c = Consumer('Consumer')
- p.start()
- c.start()
- p.join()
- c.join()
- print x
-
- E:/study/python/workspace>xianchengtongbu2.py
- 1000000
- 0
- 0
線程間通信:
Event對(duì)象用于線程間的相互通信。他提供了設(shè)置信號(hào)、清除信宏、等待等用于實(shí)現(xiàn)線程間的通信。
1、設(shè)置信號(hào)。Event對(duì)象使用了set()方法后,isSet()方法返回真。
2、清除信號(hào)。使用Event對(duì)象的clear()方法后,isSet()方法返回為假。
3、等待。當(dāng)Event對(duì)象的內(nèi)部信號(hào)標(biāo)志為假時(shí),則wait()方法一直等到其為真時(shí)才返回。還可以向wait傳遞參數(shù),設(shè)定最長的等待時(shí)間。
- # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
- import threading
- class mythread(threading.Thread):
- def __init__(self,threadname):
- threading.Thread.__init__(self,name = threadname)
- def run(self):
- global event
- if event.isSet():
- event.clear()
- event.wait() #當(dāng)event被標(biāo)記時(shí)才返回
- print self.getName()
- else:
- print self.getName()
- event.set()
- event = threading.Event()
- event.set()
- t1 = []
- for i in range(10):
- t = mythread(str(i))
- t1.append(t)
- for i in t1:
- i.start()
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