之前跟大家說了大作文,今天分享一下小作文! 考研英語(yǔ)小作文寫作技巧與得分關(guān)鍵,從2005年開始,研究生入學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)試題增加了A節(jié)應(yīng)用文寫作部分。其要求考生根據(jù)所給情景寫出100字左右的應(yīng)用性短文,總分10分,文體包括私人或公務(wù)信函、備忘錄、便條、報(bào)告、摘要等。 一、評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 應(yīng)用文寫作要求考生能夠根據(jù)寫作目的和特定讀者,恰當(dāng)選用語(yǔ)域,合理組織文章,使內(nèi)容連貫、統(tǒng)一,并做到語(yǔ)法正確,用詞恰當(dāng)。評(píng)分側(cè)重點(diǎn)在于信息點(diǎn)的覆蓋和語(yǔ)言的準(zhǔn)確性,其具體評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為: 第五檔(9~10)分:很好地完成了試題規(guī)定的任務(wù)。包含所有內(nèi)容要點(diǎn);使用豐富的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯[這里不是要求你像大作文那樣寫一些長(zhǎng)難句,沒有必要,一個(gè)長(zhǎng)難句下來字?jǐn)?shù)就超了,但是一定要用上一些經(jīng)典的語(yǔ)法和詞語(yǔ)];語(yǔ)言自然流暢,語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤極少;有效地使用多種銜接手法;格式與語(yǔ)域恰當(dāng)貼切。 第四檔(7~8)分:較好地完成了試題規(guī)定的任務(wù)。包含所有內(nèi)容要點(diǎn),允許漏掉一兩個(gè)要點(diǎn);使用較豐富的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯[這里不是要求你像大作文那樣寫一些長(zhǎng)難句,沒有必要,一個(gè)長(zhǎng)難句下來字?jǐn)?shù)就超了,但是一定要用上一些經(jīng)典的語(yǔ)法和詞語(yǔ)];語(yǔ)言基本準(zhǔn)確,允許有個(gè)別錯(cuò)誤;采用了恰當(dāng)?shù)你暯邮址?,層次清晰;格式與語(yǔ)域較恰當(dāng)。 第三檔(5~6)分:雖漏掉一些內(nèi)容,但包含多數(shù)內(nèi)容要點(diǎn);應(yīng)用的語(yǔ)言和詞匯結(jié)構(gòu)能滿足任務(wù)的要求;有一些語(yǔ)法及詞匯錯(cuò)誤,但不影響理解;采用了簡(jiǎn)單的銜接手法,內(nèi)容連慣;格式與語(yǔ)域基本合理。 第二檔(3~4)分:未能按要求完成試題規(guī)定的任務(wù)。 第一檔(1~2)分:未完成試題規(guī)定的任務(wù)。 根據(jù)上述的具體評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),可以看出小作文仍然采用總體評(píng)分法,先根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言確定所屬檔次,然后再具體給分。閱卷專家對(duì)各個(gè)檔次做出了非常形象生動(dòng)的總結(jié):五檔'漂漂亮亮',四檔'整整齊齊',三檔'馬馬虎虎',二檔'亂七八糟',一檔'一塌糊涂'。 除內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言外,字?jǐn)?shù)與書寫也會(huì)影響得分。字?jǐn)?shù)不夠的,一般酌情扣分,而多出的字?jǐn)?shù)一般不加分。此外,如果作文中直接使用提示語(yǔ)中的原句,則字?jǐn)?shù)不算在內(nèi),因此只能使用提示語(yǔ)中的某些關(guān)鍵詞。如果書寫太差,影響閱卷老師的理解,也會(huì)扣分。 二、考研真題及分析 考研小作文為應(yīng)用文。從形式上,都要遵從一定的格式;從內(nèi)容上,要點(diǎn)已經(jīng)明確給出,我建議只需根據(jù)提綱要求展開寫,不用有太多的發(fā)揮;從語(yǔ)言上,語(yǔ)句要簡(jiǎn)潔,開門見山。 2005年小作文真題: Directions: Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Design & Fashion. But now you find that the job is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s), and making an apology. Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Don't sign your own name at the end of the letter; use 'Li Ming' instead. You don't need to write the address. 從內(nèi)容上來看,2005年真題為一封道歉信。信函的書寫一般包括如下幾個(gè)部分: 1.稱呼:Dear (Sir or Madam/ Mr. Wang/ Jane) 2.主體 首段開門見山,點(diǎn)明主題:I am writing this letter to inform/tell you that I will be resigning from my present position in your department. 中間段把第一段內(nèi)容具體化:It has been a great pleasure to work with you in the past two months.(先表示禮貌)But my current position as an editor doesn't quite suit to my personal interests and career plan. As I majored in finance in college, I really want to work in the business field. 結(jié)尾段重申主題,表示感謝:I sincerely hope that you could accept my resignation and apology and thank you very much for all your help in the past months. 3.落款:Li Ming (切記根據(jù)要求落款為L(zhǎng)i Ming,不要寫自己的名字) 2006年小作文真題: Directions: You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry your own plan. Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Don't sign your own name at the end of the letter; use 'Li Ming' instead. You don't need to write the address. 從2006年小作文來看,內(nèi)容仍為信函,指示語(yǔ)的第二部分與2005年完全相同。因此在寫作時(shí)只需遵循書信寫作的基本格式,在主體部分涵蓋要點(diǎn)即可。2006年的求助信要點(diǎn)如下: 1.求助理由(開門見山):I am writing this letter to ask if you could help me find a child in your area as a beneficiary of Project Hope. 2.具體要求:I hope to offer help to a school-aged girl from a poor family, for I know that girls are often deprived of their rights of schooling due to poverty. 3.如何進(jìn)行幫助:I will send 1,000 to the girl by mail every term once I can get specific information about her. 2007年小作文真題: Directions: Write a letter to your university library, making suggestions for improving its service. Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Don't sign your own name at the end of the letter; use 'Li Ming' instead. You don't need to write the address. 2007年小作文仍舊是信函寫作,從內(nèi)容上看是一封建議信,寫作思路與05、06年相同。 2008年小作文真題: Directions: You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to 1) make an apology, and 2) suggest a solution. Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Don't sign your own name at the end of the letter; use 'Li Ming' instead. You don't need to write the address. 2008小作文與2005年一樣,寫一封道歉信。因此寫作格式與思路相同,只需把主體部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行改變。2008年的道歉信主體部分主要涵蓋兩大要點(diǎn): 1.道歉:I am awfully sorry that I forgot to return your music CD to you. 2.解釋(為什么沒有歸還CD,理由有道理即可):When I was packing, I confused your CD with mine and put it in my luggage. Then it was not until I arrived home and unpacked my belongings that I discovered your CD right in my suitcase. 3.提出解決方法:I will post you the CD tomorrow and again I sincerely hope that you could accept my apologies. 三、小作文寫作技巧 筆者作為閱卷教師,從1999年開始參加研究生入學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)試卷批卷工作,歷時(shí)數(shù)載,并結(jié)合其他英語(yǔ)考試,如PETS小作文,四、六級(jí)寫作等,對(duì)英語(yǔ)作文的寫作技巧與注意事項(xiàng)總結(jié)如下: 1.小作文要覆蓋所有信息點(diǎn)。一般閱卷教師在批改小作文時(shí),都會(huì)找點(diǎn),如果提綱中的幾點(diǎn)有遺漏,一定會(huì)扣分。以2006年小作文為例,提綱中要 求信中涵蓋3點(diǎn):寫信理由(求助理由)、對(duì)孩子(幫助對(duì)象)的具體要求、如何幫助,這三點(diǎn)在作文中都要提到。因此,小作文寫作前一定要認(rèn)真審題,把要點(diǎn)劃 出,以免遺漏。 2.小作文要注意格式。應(yīng)用文寫作都有一定格式。 如果是信件,應(yīng)該有稱呼(Dear…)、主體段、結(jié)尾(Sincerely…)。根據(jù)試題要求,一般不用寫日期與地址。稱呼一般放在左上角,而 結(jié)尾放在右下角。信函稱呼一般以Dear開頭,如果收信人的具體姓名和性別不詳,后面可以加Sir or Madam,例如2006、2007年書信開頭稱呼都可以為:Dear Sir or Madam;如果收信人身份較高或年齡較長(zhǎng),則可以在Dear后面加上Mr./Ms./Director和姓即可,如2005年書信稱呼可以為:Dear Mr. Wang;如果作者與收信人為朋友關(guān)系或比較熟悉,稱呼可以直接為Dear加上名字,例如Dear Bob。 備忘錄(memo)屬于公文的一種,包括heading和正文兩大部分。其中heading的格式一般包括四個(gè)部分,其順序可以隨意調(diào)整: To: (寫給誰) From: (誰寫的) Date: (日期) Subject: (主要內(nèi)容) 備忘錄的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)同信函相似,要求簡(jiǎn)明扼要,結(jié)構(gòu)清晰。可參考下面范例: TO: Ed, Jen, Jimmy DATE: Dec. 7, 2003 RE/SUBJECT: date change for meeting FROM: Ray Lewis I have to leave town for a deal with the Arnold Industries. The guys there want to renegotiate our contract. I have to go there and knock some sense into their blockheads. So the cabinet meeting has to be postponed to a later date. Is the 15th OK? Thanks for your understanding! 便條是一種簡(jiǎn)單的書信方式,格式與書信其本相同,也要有稱呼和結(jié)尾。其語(yǔ)言要求盡量簡(jiǎn)單,通俗。可參考下面范例: June 16 Dear Jane, I am sorry to hear about your poor luck in the final exam. You really don't have to feel too sad about it. You know, this is just the kind of thing that often happens to us students. It doesn't mean we are failures. Trust yourself. I am sure you will succeed next time. Look forward to hearing your good news. Good Luck! Yours, Nancy 注意在閱卷中,格式如果不正確,一般會(huì)扣掉一分。 3.小作文語(yǔ)言要簡(jiǎn)潔,開門見山。不同于其他文體,應(yīng)用文一般是為某一特定目的而寫,有具體的目標(biāo)讀者,寫作時(shí)把內(nèi)容表達(dá)清楚即可,不用太多展開或修飾。此外,要注意語(yǔ)言的恰當(dāng)性,尊重語(yǔ)言的交際規(guī)則,尤其是禮貌(courtesy)原則。 4.開頭句一定要漂亮、正確。無論是應(yīng)用文還是論說文,開頭第一句都要寫好,給閱卷老師以很好的印象。閱卷老師通常的閱卷方法是:讀開頭句,對(duì) 考生語(yǔ)言水平有大概了解;然后找要點(diǎn),最后讀末尾句。可見,開頭句的好壞直接影響到考生的成績(jī)。應(yīng)用文寫作其實(shí)開頭和結(jié)尾都有一定的套路,如開頭經(jīng)常可以 用的句型為:I am writing this letter to ask you /tell you that….;結(jié)尾句型常為:I sincerely hope that you could….或If you have any further questions, please feel free to contact me. 或I am sorry for the inconveniences that I have brought to you. 5.書寫要工整。漂亮、工整的字體通常會(huì)給閱卷老師很好的印象,有助于提高分?jǐn)?shù)。如果書寫潦草、雜亂,讓閱卷老師有時(shí)很難辨認(rèn),分?jǐn)?shù)一定會(huì)降低。因此考生一定要注意,作文書寫要工整,盡量避免多處涂改。 綜上所述,我對(duì)對(duì)小作文寫作過程可以總結(jié)為:審題認(rèn)真,文體統(tǒng)一,文字連貫,表達(dá)方式多樣化,考點(diǎn)覆蓋全,語(yǔ)言流暢,首尾呼應(yīng),檢查到位。 附:應(yīng)用文寫作常用句型 1.投訴信常用句型 I am writing to you to complain about… I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with …I am writing to call your attention to the awful fact that … I am totally disappointed to find that …I can hardly bear/tolerate it any longer. There are some serious problems that deserve your close attention. For one thing, … For another… Even worse… I request you to be kind enough to solve the problem as soon as possible. 2.感謝信常用句型 I am extremely grateful to you for your kind help. I am much obliged to you for your kind assistance. I really appreciate your timely assistance. I am writing to express my gratitude for the many kind deeds you have done for me. It is very considerate and generous of you to make such a good arrangement. Words fail me when I try to express the degree of my gratitude to you. 3.道歉信常用句型 I must apologize to you for my terrible mistake. I am awfully sorry that…I am sorry for the inconveniences that I have brought to you. I am to blame for this unpleasant situation. I sincerely hope that you will accept my apologies. I sincerely ask for your forgiveness. I hope that the settlement of the matter will meet your demand. 4.邀請(qǐng)函常用句型I am writing to invite you to attend a party on…I feel it would be a great honor if you could participate in …I should be very pleased if you could come to our party on…We look forward to seeing you as our honorable guest. 5.咨詢信常用句型 I am writing to inquire about the details on…I would like to obtain some information about … I would be very grateful if you would be kind enough to provide me some essential information about…Your prompt and favorable attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated. I would be much obliged to you if you could let me know the procedures I have to go through. |
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