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非謂語動(dòng)詞 所謂非謂語動(dòng)詞，顧名思義也就是不能單獨(dú)用作謂語的動(dòng)詞(但與助動(dòng)詞結(jié)合可構(gòu)成“進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)、系表結(jié)構(gòu)、完成時(shí)態(tài)、被動(dòng)語態(tài)等謂語形式”)，非謂語動(dòng)詞在句子結(jié)構(gòu)可充當(dāng)主語、表語、賓語、補(bǔ)語、定語、狀語等?，F(xiàn)在筆者向同學(xué)們作分類介紹： 動(dòng)詞不定式 一、不定式作主語 1. 一般置于句首： To see one time is better than to hear one hundred times. 2. 常見用it代替它作形式主語，而把不定式或不定式結(jié)構(gòu)移到句尾： It's our duty to serve the people. Is it a good idea to plant some flowers there? 不可以說：*Is to plant some flowers there a good idea? 二、不定式作表語 連系動(dòng)詞be，seem，appear，get，remain等常用不定式作表語，如果主語部分有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，表語?？捎貌粠o的不定式。例如： My idea is to have a trip on Sunday. The only thing I can do now is wait at home. 三、不定式作動(dòng)詞賓語 1. 動(dòng)詞+不定式：The girl asked to see the headmaster. 常見的跟帶to的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語的動(dòng)詞有：agree，aim，arrange，ask，choose，decide， demand，pretend，expect，hope，learn，long，manage，offer，pretend，promise，refuse，wish，want，hate等。但help后的不定式?？墒〉舻模纾?br/> They helped(to)do the cleaning this morning. 3. 在含有不定式作主語的疑問句或感嘆句中，一般只用it作形式主語。常見： 2. 動(dòng)詞十疑問詞(why除外)+不定式：We must find out what to do next. 常見能跟“疑問詞十不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語的動(dòng)詞有：decide，find out，forget，know，learn， remember，see，think，understand，wonder等。 3. 形式賓語it十賓語補(bǔ)足語十不定式 I felt it my duty to report it to the headmaster. 有時(shí)也用：形式賓語it+賓語補(bǔ)足語+for+名詞+不定式： All these noises made it impossible for me to go on with the work. 后接以上結(jié)構(gòu)的常用動(dòng)詞有：feel，find，make，think，count等。 四、不定式作介詞賓語 一般說來，不定式不用作介詞賓語。但在以下兩種情況則可以。 1. 在介詞but/except之后接不定式作賓語。如果but/except前有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do，but/except 后的不定式通常不帶to;如果but/except前沒有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do，but/except后的不定式—般要帶to。試比較： They could do nothing but wait for the teacher to arrive. He seldom comes except to ask for help. 2. 介詞+疑問詞(why除外)+帶to的不定式 They are talking about where to spend their holiday. Everyone has his own idea of how to do it. 五、不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語 這類結(jié)構(gòu)常見的有： 1. 動(dòng)詞+賓語+帶to的不定式 They warned us not to go out at night. 后接“賓語+帶to的不定式”的動(dòng)詞常見的有：advise，allow，ask，command，encourage， forbid，force，invite，require，order，persuade，cause，call on，wait for，show, how，teach/teach how，tell/tell how等。 2. 動(dòng)詞十賓語+不帶to的不定式：Did you notice anyone take away my raincoat? 后接“賓語十不帶to的不定式”的動(dòng)詞常見的有：feel，see，hear，let，have，make，watch，listen to, notice，observe等。注意： 1) feel十賓語+to be的不定式時(shí)， to不可省略。 2) let變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)，而后面要接to的不定式時(shí)，to可保留也可省略。 3) have，notice，watch不用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 4) see，hear，make，listen to, notice，observe變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，后面須要改接帶to的不 定式： That made us wait for five years. >>> We were made to wait for five hours. 六、不定式作定語 不定式作定語時(shí)，通常放在被修飾的名詞之后，往往表示將要發(fā)生的行為。 I have no wish to become a sailor. 1. 不定式與所修飾的名詞之間的邏輯關(guān)系 1) 動(dòng)賓關(guān)系： Do you have anything else to say? (anything是to say的邏輯賓語) I have a lot of things to do. (to do與a lot of things之間存在邏輯動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。) She has a wish to go back to her home village.(不定式說明wish的具體內(nèi)容) 2) 說明修飾的名詞的內(nèi)容： 3) 主謂關(guān)系： The next man to come is Mr..Green(the next man是to come的邏輯主語) 2. “不及物動(dòng)詞不定式+介詞”作后置定語 如果作定語的不定式是一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)需要加上一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~才能同所修 飾的名詞發(fā)生聯(lián)系： They had no house to live in. There is nothing (for us) to worry about. 當(dāng)不定式修飾time，place或way時(shí)，后面一般都省掉介詞，例如： They had no place to live.(一般不加in) There is still plenty of time to finish the work. This is the way to wash my teeth. 3. 不定式用在the first，the second以及the last，the only等后，或用在最高級(jí)后作定語。 He loves parties; He is always the first to come and the last to leave. She was the last one to hand in her paper. 七、不定式作狀語 1. 表示目的： He was running to catch the bus. 不定式作目的狀語時(shí)，前后常加in order或so as。如： I went early so as not to miss the train. 注意：to或in order to引起的狀語可放在句首或句尾：而so as to引起的狀語只能放在句中或句尾。 2. 表示結(jié)果： They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet. 不定式作結(jié)果狀語時(shí)，常與以下結(jié)構(gòu)搭配： 1) so?as to “如此?以致??” Would you be so kind as to lend me your dictionary? 2) such?as to“如此??以致¨?·” He is such a fool as to think that he'll be a king. 3) enough to “足以??” This sea fish looks almost good enough to eat. He didn't jump high enough to win a prize. 4) too?to? “太?而不(以致不)?” He was too young to understand all that. 但要注意，在以下句子中的too…to并無否定意義：不定式也不表示結(jié)果： I shall be only too pleased to get home.(only too =very) They were too anxious to leave. (too=very) It's too kind of you to have told me that.(不定式作主語) He came here in order to learn from you. You are too ready to quarrel with others.(不定式作ready的狀語) He went to the Internet bar to see his friend.(表目的) 5) 不定式前用only表示不愿得到的或出乎意料的結(jié)果。試比較 He went to the Internet bar only to see his teacher.(表結(jié)果) 3. 表示原因： We jumped with joy to hear the news. 從上可看出，表示目的、結(jié)果、原因的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)形式相似，區(qū)別在于詞匯意思不同， 試比較： The woman wept to obtain sympathy.(目的：為獲得同情) The woman wept to become all tears.(結(jié)果：淚流滿面) The woman wept to hear the bad news.(原因：因聞此壞消息) 八、不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 1. for+名詞或代詞賓格+帶to的不定式 如果不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語不是句子的主語，可以用for引起的短語來表示： It will be a mistake for us not to help them。 We'd better find some work for the students to do. 2. of+名詞或代詞+帶to的不定式 在it作先行詞的句中，如果表語是形容詞，而這個(gè)形容詞又用來表不定式邏輯主語 的人或動(dòng)物的性格特征或行為表現(xiàn)等，這時(shí)，不定式的邏輯主語常用of引起的短語表示： It's kind of you to think so much of us. (=You are so kind to think so much of us.) 常見能用于這類結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞有：brave，clever，cruel，foolish，good，honest，horrible， kind，Lazy，nice，polite，rude，selfish，silly，stupid，wise等。 九、不定式的否定式 在不定式前面加not，never等構(gòu)成其否定式，如果該不定式前不帶to，則直接在動(dòng)詞原 形前面加not，never等。例如： They got up early so as not to miss the early bus They decided not to accept their invitation. You'd better not go to the party tonight. They are believed not to have done such a thing. 十、不定式的完成式 1. 形式：(以do為例)to have done(主動(dòng)形式)，to have been done(被動(dòng)形式); 2. 用法：不定式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，常用不定式的完成式： He is said to have written a new book about Europe. 不定式的完成式主要用于以下幾種情況： 1) 和seem，happen，appear，be said，be believed，be thought等連用，構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語： She seemed to have heard about it already. 2) 用在作表語的形容詞glad，sorry，lucky等后面作狀語： 3) 用在pretend，expect，mean，would like等動(dòng)詞后面作賓語： I meant to have told you about it， but I forgot to do so. 十一、 不定式的進(jìn)行式 1. 形式：(以do為例)to be doing 2. 用法：如果謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作(或情況)發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，這時(shí) 不定式就要用進(jìn)行式： He seems to be enjoying himself. 不定式的進(jìn)行式主要可以用于： 1) 構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語： They are said to be building another bridge across the river. 2) 在某些動(dòng)詞后構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語： We didn't expect you to be waiting for us here. 3) 在某些動(dòng)詞后作賓語： You don't need to be worrying about her. She is safe at home. 十二、 不定式的被動(dòng)式 1. 形式：(以do為例)to be done(一般式)，to have been done(完成式); 2. 用法：當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是用不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式一般要用被動(dòng) 形式： She asked to be sent to work in the country. 這種形式可以用來做主語、賓語、定語、狀語，并可構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語或復(fù)合謂語。但須注意的是，在某些結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式雖然表示被動(dòng)的含義，用的卻是主動(dòng)形式： We still have many difficulties to smooth away. They found the sentence hard to understand. 在以上句子中，雖然不定式與最近的名詞(代詞)有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，但與句子中另一個(gè)名詞(代詞)卻可能有主謂關(guān)系，運(yùn)或許是用主動(dòng)形式的原因。如果不存在這種主謂關(guān)系，這不定式仍常用被動(dòng)式： Let me show you the room to be used as teachers’ reading room. |
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