說到標點符號的用法,估計很多人當年或者正在學習英語時,都會很有感觸,而且大多人的感觸基本是: 1、老師基本沒有系統(tǒng)教過,所以就是想著怎么用就怎么用了; 2、想學習標點符號的用法,但一直找不到適合的學習材料。 如果是這樣,那就請大家跟著我一起來重新學習標點符號的用法吧。 英語中的標點符號很多,用法也繁簡不一,今天就先從用法最為繁雜的逗號學起吧。 說起逗號的用法,其功能之強大,小編我是深有體會的,因為當年我的碩士畢業(yè)論文就是有關英漢語逗號的比較研究的,有興趣的朋友可以到中國知網(wǎng)上查閱一下:http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD-10269-2004087335.htm。 記得當年答辯的時候,前后不到15分鐘,考官們就讓我出來了;一開始還擔心得要死,以為要被“槍斃”了,后來我的導師告訴我,因為我的主題考官們都沒怎么做過研究,問不出什么問題,所以就象征性地問了幾個數(shù)據(jù)問題,就直接讓我過了,哈哈! 好了,言歸正傳!接下來我就跟大家分享一下英語里逗號的基本用法。我們先來看看《新概念英語》第一冊第137課的課文: 不知大家有沒有注意到,課文中所有if條件句開頭的句子中,if條件句都沒有用逗號隔開。這在英語里實際上是一種錯誤,是有關逗號的用法錯誤。此外,課文中的最后一句話中的It's a pleasant dream后面也應該用逗號。 為什么? 請從下面的逗號用法規(guī)則中查找答案: (一)單詞和短語間 1、當有三個或三個以上并列的單詞或短語時,這些單詞或短語要用逗號隔開,而且最后一個單詞或短語一般都會用and或or連接,如: My estate goes to my husband, son, daughter-in-law, and nephew. 需要注意的是,這組并列的單詞或短語的最后兩個單詞或短語,一般要用逗號隔開,這個逗號被稱作牛津逗號(Oxford comma)。大部分報紙或雜志會省略這個逗號,但有的時候會因此引起歧義,如: We had coffee, cheese and crackers and grapes. 句中的cheese and crackers其實指的是一道菜,所以最好在crackers后面加上逗號,即: We had coffee, cheese and crackers, and grapes. 2、當兩個前置形容詞并列且可以調(diào)換順序時,要用逗號隔開,如: He is a strong, healthy man. vs. He is a healthy, strong man. 如果兩個形容詞的位置是不可調(diào)換的,則不能用逗號,如: We stayed at an expensive summer resort. 我們不能說:We stayed at a summer expensive resort. 所以,也不能用逗號隔開兩個形容詞。 (二)句子之間 1、逗號粘連錯誤(Comma Splice),指的是有的作者會用逗號隔開兩個獨立的句子,如: He walked all the way home, he shut the door. 這在英語里是不允許的,應該通過改變標點符號或是增加連接詞改為:
2、兩個獨立的句子如果用and, but, 或者or等詞連接起來時,一般要在前一句話的末尾插入逗號,如: He walked all the way home, and he shut the door. 注意:如果兩個獨立的句子都很短的時候,很多作者都不加逗號,如: I paint and he writes. 3、如果前后兩個句子的主語是一樣的,則無需在前一個句子末尾插入逗號,如: He thought quickly but still did not answer correctly. 注意:這種情況也有例外,需要加上逗號,以避免產(chǎn)生歧義,如: 【有歧義】I saw that she was busy and prepared to leave. 【無歧義】I saw that she was busy, and prepared to leave. (三)句首開頭 1、如果是以從句開頭,則要在從句末尾用逗號隔開,如: If you are not sure about this, let me know now. 2、如果開頭的是介紹性短語,一般也要用逗號隔開,如: Having finally arrived in town, we went shopping. 注意:如果這個介紹性短語只有三四個單詞而且意思很明確,則無需用逗號隔開,如: When in town we go shopping. 但是,如果會因此引起歧義,則需加上逗號,如: Last Sunday, evening classes were canceled. 如果不加逗號,讀者可能就會以為句子的主語是:last Sunday evening classes,而不是evening classes了。 3、如果介紹性短語是以介詞開頭引導的,則無論這個短語包含多少個單詞,都無需用逗號隔開,如: Into the sparkling crystal ball he gazed. 注意:如果開頭的引導詞有兩個介詞,則要看情況來決定是否要用逗號: (1)介詞后面如果緊跟動詞謂語,則不用逗號,如: Between your house on Main Street and my house on Grand Avenue is the mayor's mansion. (2)介詞后面如果跟的是句子的主語,則要用逗號,如: Between your house on Main Street and my house on Grand Avenue, the mayor's mansion stands proudly. 4、如果句子開頭時主句,后面緊跟從句,則主句末尾無需使用逗號,如: Let me know now if you are not sure about this. (四)次要成分 1、同位語,如: My best friend, Joe, arrived. The three items, a book, a pen, and paper, were on the table. 2、非限定性定語從句,如: Jill, who is my sister, shut the door. 3、分詞短語,如: The man, knowing it was late, hurried home. (五)其他用法 1、用在well, yes, why, hello, hey等呼語后面,如: Why, I can't believe this! No, you can't have a dollar. 2、用于隔開nevertheless, after all, by the way, on the other hand, however等插入語,如: I am, by the way, very nervous about this. 3、用于隔開人名、外號、昵稱或者頭銜,如: Will you, Aisha, do that assignment for me? Yes, old friend, I will. Good day, Captain. 4、用于隔開年月日,如: It was in the Sun's June 5, 2003, edition. 注意:如果只有年和月,則無需用逗號,如: It was in a June 2003 article. 5、用于隔開不同級別的行政區(qū)域,如: I'm from the Akron, Ohio, area. 6、如果人名后跟有頭銜或?qū)W歷,則一般要在姓氏后面加上逗號,如: Al Mooney, Sr., is here. Al Mooney, M.D., is here. 7、在直接引語的說話者或提問者的動詞后面要加上逗號,如: He said, "I don't care." "Why," I asked, "don't you care?" 注意: 1)如果直接引語只有一個單詞,則不用逗號,如: He said "Stop." 2)如果直接引語在說話者之前,且是陳述句,直接引語的句末要用逗號,如: "I don't care," he said. "Stop," he said. 3)如果只是轉(zhuǎn)引某人的話,則不用逗號,如: Is "I don't care" all you can say to me? Saying "Stop the car" was a mistake. 8、用于隔開反意疑問句,如: I can go, can't I? 9、用于隔開前后兩個形成鮮明對照的成分,如: That is my money, not yours. 10、用于隔開namely, that is, i.e., e.g., and for instance等表示舉例說明的引導性短語,如: You may be required to bring many items, e.g., sleeping bags, pans, and warm clothing. 11、用于隔開etc.,而且前后都要用逗號隔開,如: Sleeping bags, pans, warm clothing, etc., are in the tent. **************************************************** 如果您認為本文對你有幫助,歡迎并感謝大家多多轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)分享本文!
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