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Of Studie 論讀書
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best, from those that are learned. 讀書足以怡養(yǎng)性情,給人以博雅，并增長才能。獨(dú)居幽處之時(shí)，最能體會讀書的樂趣；高談闊論之中，最能展示讀書的博雅；入世處事之際，最能顯現(xiàn)讀書的才能。有實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)而沒有學(xué)識的人，雖能判斷或處理某些事物的細(xì)微末節(jié)，然縱觀統(tǒng)籌、通權(quán)達(dá)變，還是好學(xué)深思的人才能勝任。 To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning, by study; and studies themselves, do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. 花太多時(shí)間讀書是怠惰，過分炫耀學(xué)問是矯情，食古不化便是書呆子。讀書能補(bǔ)天性的不足，經(jīng)驗(yàn)?zāi)苎a(bǔ)讀書的缺陷。天然的植物需要人工的修剪，人的本性離不開學(xué)問的誘導(dǎo)。紙上談來終覺淺，如果不以經(jīng)驗(yàn)來規(guī)范，就會大而不當(dāng)。聰慧的人鄙示讀書，淺薄的人想要讀書，明智的人卻能利用學(xué)問。然而學(xué)問本身并不以用處教人，至于如何運(yùn)用它，功夫在書外而不在書內(nèi)，全憑體察得之。讀書時(shí)不可存心詰難作者，也不可盲信書中所說，也不可只為尋章摘句，而是應(yīng)該推敲和思考。 Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books, else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things. Reading maketh (makes) a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know, that he doth not. 有些書可淺嘗輒止，有些書可囫圇吞棗，有些書則需細(xì)嚼慢咽。換句話說，有些書只需要粗解部分，有些書只需要大體瀏覽，少數(shù)書需要全神貫注，孜孜不倦地全面閱讀。讀書使人充實(shí)，討論使人機(jī)智，寫作（筆記）使人精準(zhǔn)。因此不常寫作（筆記）的人須要有很強(qiáng)的記憶力，不常討論的人須要天資聰穎，不常讀書的人須要不學(xué)有術(shù)，不懂裝懂，才能顯無知而為有知。 Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores. Nay there is no stand or impendiment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man''s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his witbe called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers' cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt. 讀史使人明智，讀詩使人靈秀，數(shù)學(xué)使人精確，科學(xué)使人深刻，倫理學(xué)使人莊重，邏輯學(xué)和修辭學(xué)使人善辯。總之，讀書能陶冶性情。不僅如此，讀書還能祛除一切心理障礙，正如通過適當(dāng)?shù)倪\(yùn)動而矯治身體的疾病。例如滾球有利于腎臟，射箭有利于胸肺，漫步有利于腸胃，騎術(shù)有利于頭腦等等。因此，如果一個(gè)人心神不集中，可以讓他學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)，在演算的過程中需要集中精力，稍有分散就需要重頭再來。如果不能辨別異同，就該去讀經(jīng)院哲學(xué)，因?yàn)槟切┱軐W(xué)家正是辨析入微之人。假若不善于處理事務(wù)，不能舉一反三，最好讓他去琢磨律師的案卷。所以說但凡有缺陷，都有一種特殊的救治良方。
行動起來，一起讀《論語》 ◥◣◢◤◥◣◢◤ |
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