海和洋的區(qū)別?
OCEAN:The oceans are basins in the surface of the solid earth containing salt water. The major ocean areas are the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Arctic Ocean, and the Southern Ocean (Figure 2.1).The first four are clearly divided from each other by land masses, but the divisions between the Southern Ocean and oceans to its north are determined only by the characteristics of the ocean waters and their circulations.
SEA:Marginal seas are fairly large basins of salt water that are connected to the open ocean by one or more fairly narrow channels.Those that are connected by very few channels are sometimes called mediterranean seas after the prototype, the (European) Mediterranean Sea. The Mediterranean provides an example of a negative water balance in a sea with less inflow (river runoff and precipitation) than evaporation. An excellent example of a positive water balance marginal sea (with net precipitation) is found in the Black Sea, which connects with the Mediterranean Sea. The term sea is also used for a portion of an ocean that is not divided off by land but has local distinguishing oceanographic characteristics; for example the Norwegian Sea, the Labrador Sea, the Sargasso Sea, and the Tasman Sea.
摘自于物理海洋的比較權(quán)威的一本入門專業(yè)書:Descriptive Physical Oceanography 6th
—————————————————————————————
馮士筰 海洋科學導論
地球上互相連通的廣闊水域構(gòu)成統(tǒng)一的世界海洋。根據(jù)海洋要素特點及形態(tài)特征,可將其分為主要部分和附屬部分。主要部分為洋,附屬部分為海、海灣和海峽(圖
2-7)。

洋或稱大洋,是海洋的主體部分,一般遠離大陸,面積廣闊,約占海洋總面積的90.3%;深度大,一般>2000m;海洋要素如鹽度、溫度等不受大陸影響,鹽度平均為35‰, 且年變化?。痪哂歇毩⒌某毕到y(tǒng)和強大的洋流系統(tǒng)。世界大洋通常被分為四大部分,即太平洋、大西洋、印度洋和北冰洋(圖2-7),各大洋的面積、容積和深度如表2-3所示。

海是海洋的邊緣部分,據(jù)國際水道測量局的材料,全世界共有54個海, 其面積只占世界海洋總面積的9.7%。海的深度較淺,平均深度一般在2000m以內(nèi)。其溫度和鹽度等海洋水文要素受大陸影響很大,并有明顯的季節(jié)變化。水色低,透明度小,沒有獨立的潮汐和洋流系統(tǒng),潮波多系由大洋傳入,但潮汐漲落往往比大洋顯著,海流有自己的環(huán)流形式。