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      Science

       瑞敏劉 2017-01-30

      準(zhǔn)備科研論文處女作 你需要牢記以下干貨

      2017-01-29 Science 1評(píng)

      本文為募格學(xué)術(shù)原創(chuàng) 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)聯(lián)系后臺(tái)

      準(zhǔn)備論文初稿有四步,你造嗎?

      1. 花幾天或幾周的時(shí)間想想你要寫什么話題;

      2. 搜集數(shù)據(jù),制作圖表;

      3. 把想法表達(dá)出來(lái),寫得越快越好。先不要在意拼寫,語(yǔ)法,風(fēng)格和詞匯,全部寫出來(lái)再說(shuō)。

      4. 論文大體出來(lái)之后再去修改潤(rùn)色。共同作者之間不要分開寫,最好是先由一個(gè)人把初稿趕出來(lái),然后其他人可以修改或補(bǔ)充。這樣文章的內(nèi)部連貫性就可以保證了。

      初稿潤(rùn)色:

      對(duì)于非英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的作者來(lái)說(shuō),語(yǔ)言是一個(gè)大問(wèn)題,如果因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)言問(wèn)題導(dǎo)致編輯無(wú)法正確理解你的論文內(nèi)容,那么論文被拒的可能性當(dāng)然就變大了。

      至少,你應(yīng)該盡自己最高的英語(yǔ)水平寫一份相對(duì)高質(zhì)量的科研論文,也可以找英語(yǔ)很優(yōu)秀的人幫忙修改潤(rùn)色(比如募格編輯就是一個(gè)專業(yè)的潤(rùn)色機(jī)構(gòu)),然后再投遞。

      避免四大常見問(wèn)題:

      1. 句子之間沒(méi)有邏輯;

      2. 縮寫太多,導(dǎo)致句子難以理解;

      3. 語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤;

      4. 拼寫錯(cuò)誤和打字錯(cuò)誤。

      簡(jiǎn)化語(yǔ)言:

      Original(修改前): 'Numerous studies in recent years, such as those by Miller (1995) and Smith (1998), have shown that low salinities enhance oyster recruitment.'

      Suggested(修改后): 'Low salinities enhance oyster recruitment (Miller, 1995; Smith 1998).'

      避免長(zhǎng)句:

      多用短句;

      長(zhǎng)句不會(huì)讓文章顯得專業(yè),只會(huì)讓讀者難以理解;

      一般句子的平均長(zhǎng)度保持在12-17詞;

      一口氣一句就夠,長(zhǎng)句會(huì)噎到讀者。

      用英語(yǔ)寫作的時(shí)候要變換方式,可以用簡(jiǎn)單句表達(dá)。一個(gè)句子足夠表達(dá)一個(gè)想法或信息了,不要在一句話說(shuō)很多事情。

      幾年前,我在一篇文章中一句話就寫了78個(gè)詞,難怪很少有人看懂——

      … Conversely, applying M-AMBI the explained variability reaches until 43.4%, for linear regression, and 53.8% for logarithmic regression, and the highest explained variability was found in high and low mesohaline and polyhaline areas (53-63%), whilst the lowest explained variability was in the oligohaline area (6%), being the mismatch in the comparison of both methods in terms of degraded-undegraded equivalences was of 16.4% of the cases in M-AMBI, and 12.7% in B-IBI, with a high spatial level of agreement.

      審稿人建議我用短句時(shí),我改成了這樣:

      … Conversely, applying M-AMBI the explained variability reaches until 43.4%, for linear regression, and 53.8% for logarithmic regression. The highest explained variability was found in high and low mesohaline and polyhaline areas (53-63%). In turn, the lowest explained variability was in the oligohaline area (6%). The mismatch in the comparison of both methods in terms of degraded-undegraded equivalences was of 16.4% of the cases in M-AMBI, and 12.7% in B-IBI, with a high spatial level of agreement.

      長(zhǎng)句的問(wèn)題:

      1. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用。

      (e.g., 'It has been found that there had been many …' 而不是'Researchers found that many …')

      2. 連詞使用不恰當(dāng),懸垂修飾語(yǔ)導(dǎo)致句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整。

      (e.g., 'because …, so …'; 'Although …, but …'; 'considering …, it is …').

      例如,避免寫這樣的句子: 'The highest explained variability was found in high and low mesohaline and polyhaline areas (53-63%), because of the high concentration of organic matter, although it was …'最好這樣說(shuō): 'The highest explained variability was found in high and low mesohaline and polyhaline areas (53-63%). This is related to the high concentration of organic matter. Although it was…'

      3. 一個(gè)句子中使用多余從句。

      (e.g., 'It has already been found that when salinity increases to the mouth of an estuary there would be higher benthic richness, which can result also in higher diversity, while in low salinity areas benthic richness tends to be low …')

      4. 一個(gè)句子中用 “and”混合不同的平行句。

      (e.g., 'This research investigates the grain size of sediments in coastal areas and discusses the grain size and the coastal sedimentation based on grain size …')

      初稿的長(zhǎng)度:

      再次強(qiáng)調(diào),要去閱讀投稿指南。不過(guò)一般來(lái)說(shuō),初稿的理想長(zhǎng)度是25-40頁(yè),雙倍行距,重要數(shù)據(jù)包括即可。這里有一個(gè)大綱指南:

      Title: Short and informative(題目短小且信息性強(qiáng))

      Abstract: 1 paragraph (

      Introduction: 1.5-2 pages(引言1.5-2頁(yè))

      Methods: 2-3 pages(研究方法2-3頁(yè))

      Results: 6-8 pages(研究結(jié)果6-8頁(yè))

      Discussion: 4-6 pages(討論4-6頁(yè))

      Conclusion: 1 paragraph(結(jié)論1段)

      Figures: 6-8 (one per page)(圖表6-8頁(yè),一頁(yè)一個(gè))

      Tables: 1-3 (one per page)(表格1-3頁(yè),一頁(yè)一個(gè))

      References: 20-50 papers (2-4 pages)(參考文獻(xiàn)20-50篇,2-4頁(yè))

      避免重復(fù):

      過(guò)度使用連詞或短語(yǔ),比如:'However,' 'In addition,' 'Moreover.' 用的時(shí)候要分開。

      無(wú)意義的短語(yǔ):

      從下面的編輯評(píng)語(yǔ)你可以學(xué)習(xí)到:不要說(shuō) “and references therein....” 讀者不是傻子,如果他們想了解更多知識(shí),論文里的參考他們自己會(huì)看的。刪掉論文中的“in present paper”,難道會(huì)在另外一個(gè)論文里不成!結(jié)論不要一開始就 “In this paper, we have prepared.....”,這是根本沒(méi)有意義的話,實(shí)驗(yàn)樣本明明是在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里準(zhǔn)備的。

      分開使用相同意思的單詞,比如 'schematic diagram,' 'research work,' 等,最好分開使用這些詞: 'this scheme,' 'that diagram,' 'the research was …,' 'the work done was …'

      其他的建議:

      1. 在不及物動(dòng)詞里使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) (不及物動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有直接賓語(yǔ));只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。因此你不能說(shuō)'are happened' or 'was went.'

      2. 第三人稱單數(shù)的動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)(e.g., 'the concentrations shows that …' 而不是 'the concentrations show that …'

      3. 懸垂修飾語(yǔ),主句的主語(yǔ)不是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者。 (e.g., 'To improve the results, the experiment was done again.' The experiment cannot improve the results itself. It should be 'We did the experiment again to improve the results.')

      4. 不要用口語(yǔ)的縮略詞: 'it s,' 'weren t,' 'hasn t.'

      5. 句子不要以數(shù)字打頭: '5 mg of sediment were analysed …' 要用: 'Sediment (5 mg) was analysed …'

      不要讓審稿人太痛苦.......

      論文初稿的文本和布局風(fēng)格保持一致,使用相同的字體(英文字體通常為Times New Roman),文本字體、數(shù)據(jù)和表格大小也應(yīng)保持一致。首選雙倍行間距和12號(hào)字體,方便評(píng)論者注釋。3厘米的空白對(duì)審稿人來(lái)說(shuō)也很有用。

      所有頁(yè)面都標(biāo)頁(yè)碼!這是非常重要的,因?yàn)檫@可以幫助審稿人快速定位并告訴你需要修改的部分。每一行也要標(biāo)號(hào)。(更容易找到審稿人點(diǎn)評(píng)的位置)

      注意縮寫;在摘要或文章中第一次使用都要標(biāo)注完整意思(在圖表和表格里也一樣)。一些期刊甚至禁止在摘要使用縮寫。參考投稿指南對(duì)縮寫的要求。

      原文地址:https://www./connect/writing-a-science-paper-some-dos-and-donts?sf7851295=1

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      點(diǎn)擊圖片進(jìn)一步了解募格編輯

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