New Tracker Keeps Tabs on Government Attacks on Science

2018年1月20日，哥倫比亞大學(xué)法學(xué)院的薩賓氣候變化法律中心和美國(guó)氣候科學(xué)法律辯護(hù)基金會(huì)正式啟動(dòng)在線項(xiàng)目——Silencing Science Tracker（噤聲科學(xué)記錄表）。該項(xiàng)目旨在跟蹤記錄美國(guó)政府限制科學(xué)家進(jìn)行有關(guān)環(huán)境、公共衛(wèi)生、氣候等領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的工作的舉措，包括試圖阻礙或禁止科研、教育、討論、及刊物出版。該項(xiàng)目發(fā)布時(shí)，恰值美國(guó)總統(tǒng)特朗普就職一周年。

Columbia Law School’s Sabin Center for Climate Change Law and the Climate Science Legal Defense Fund have launched a new online resource to track actions by the government to silence scientists working on environmental, public health and climate issues. The launch of the Silencing Science Tracker coincides with the first anniversary of President Donald Trump’s inauguration, on January 20, 2017. The tracker is aimed at documenting government attempts to restrict or prevent scientific research, education, discussion or publication. 

截止1月20日，該記錄表中整理了總96項(xiàng)摘自媒體報(bào)道的政府限制，并劃分為如下類別：政府審查（目前有41項(xiàng)）、人事變動(dòng)（20項(xiàng)）、預(yù)算削減（15項(xiàng)）、自我審查（11項(xiàng)）、偏見(jiàn)與失實(shí)陳述（8項(xiàng)）、研究阻礙（5項(xiàng)）（個(gè)別舉措被列在多個(gè)類別中）。這些條目均與其他補(bǔ)充性數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)相連接。

It currently contains 96 entries drawn from media reports, and links to other resources that complement the database. The tracker organizes attacks into specific categories: government censorship (currently 41 entries); personnel changes (20); budget cuts (15); self-censorship (11); bias and misrepresentation (8); and research hindrance (5). (Some entries are listed under more than one category.)

目前，干預(yù)科學(xué)發(fā)展最多的是美國(guó)國(guó)家環(huán)保局（占總數(shù)的28%），其次是內(nèi)政部（18%）和能源部（13%）。該記錄表會(huì)持續(xù)更新，未來(lái)也將把州級(jí)政府的不利舉措囊括入內(nèi)。

The largest number of anti-science actions taken so far were by the Environmental Protection Agency (28 percent of the total), followed by the departments of the Interior (18 percent) and Energy (13 percent). The tracker will be updated on an ongoing basis. It currently records only federal government actions, but state-level actions will be added in the future.

在該記錄表中，部分已被廣泛報(bào)道，而其他的一些只受到相對(duì)較少的關(guān)注。在這份清單中，值得我們注意的包括：

Some of the actions have been widely reported; others have received relatively little attention. Among those noted:

• 2017年12月，美國(guó)疾病控制和預(yù)防中心的官員收到了一份關(guān)于預(yù)算文件中禁止使用的詞匯和短語(yǔ)清單，其中包括“胎兒”、“以證據(jù)為基礎(chǔ)”和“以科學(xué)為依據(jù)”。

In December 2017, officials at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were given a list of words and phrases forbidden for use in budget documents, including “fetus,” “evidence-based” and “science-based.”

•  2017年12月，美國(guó)國(guó)家科學(xué)院、醫(yī)學(xué)院和工程學(xué)院被要求停止對(duì)近海天然氣和石油鉆井安全性的研究，該研究旨在從過(guò)去發(fā)生的災(zāi)難性石油泄漏事故中總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)。

In December, the National Academies of Sciences, Medicine and Engineering were told to halt a study of offshore gas and oil drilling safety, part of an effort to implement lessons learned from past disastrous oil spills.

• 2017年11月，美國(guó)內(nèi)政部長(zhǎng)萊恩·辛克對(duì)美國(guó)約書(shū)亞樹(shù)國(guó)家公園的負(fù)責(zé)人表示譴責(zé)，只因其發(fā)布了兩條提及氣候變化的推特。

In November, Secretary of Interior Ryan Zinke reprimanded the superintendent of Joshua Tree National Park for sending out two tweets mentioning climate change.

• 2017年10月，一名原化工行業(yè)說(shuō)客、現(xiàn)美國(guó)國(guó)家環(huán)保局官員不顧科學(xué)家們的反對(duì)，推動(dòng)解除了一系列旨在追蹤多種有害物質(zhì)對(duì)人體健康影響的規(guī)定。

In October, a former chemical-industry lobbyist who is now an EPA official pushed to loosen more than a dozen rules related to the tracking of the health effects of various hazardous substances, against the advice of agency scientists.

“政府無(wú)視科學(xué)，就好比一個(gè)卡車(chē)司機(jī)戴著眼罩只靠耳語(yǔ)來(lái)駕駛——這是極其危險(xiǎn)且令人無(wú)法忍受的，”薩賓中心主任、哥倫比亞大學(xué)法學(xué)院教授邁克爾·杰勒德談到?！?/span>科學(xué)家的重要工作必須得到支持和公開(kāi)，他們的意見(jiàn)也應(yīng)得到聽(tīng)取。當(dāng)政府官員對(duì)科學(xué)研究作出限制時(shí)，我們會(huì)強(qiáng)硬抵抗。”

“When the government ignores science, it’s like a truck driver who wears a blindfold and drives based on what is whispered into his ear— dangerous and intolerable,” said Michael Gerrard, faculty director of the Sabin Center and a professor at Columbia Law School. “The vital work of scientists must be supported, made public, and listened to. When government officials block this, we plan to shine a harsh light.”

美國(guó)氣候科學(xué)法律辯護(hù)基金會(huì)常務(wù)主任勞倫·科茨表示：“政治和意識(shí)形態(tài)對(duì)科學(xué)研究的攻擊有著漫長(zhǎng)且不光彩的歷史。當(dāng)美國(guó)政府機(jī)關(guān)對(duì)科學(xué)作出這類攻擊時(shí)，是最為危險(xiǎn)的。我們的項(xiàng)目旨在提供真實(shí)數(shù)據(jù)，記錄美國(guó)政府對(duì)科學(xué)事業(yè)的威脅。”

Lauren Kurtz, executive director of the Climate Science Legal Defense Fund, said, “Political and ideological attacks on science have a long and shameful history, and such attacks are the most dangerous when carried out or condoned by government authorities. Our tracker is designed to provide a tally of government-sanctioned threats to the scientific endeavor.”

哥倫比亞大學(xué)法學(xué)院的薩賓中心著力于研究和傳播一系列解決氣候變化問(wèn)題的法律技術(shù)，并培訓(xùn)律師們成為該領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。氣候科學(xué)法律辯護(hù)基金會(huì)為遭受威脅、騷擾或攻擊的科學(xué)家們提供免費(fèi)支持和資源。

The Sabin Center develops and promulgates legal techniques to address climate change and trains lawyers to help lead the field. The Climate Science Lega lDefense Fund provides free support and resources to scientists who are threatened, harassed or attacked for doing their jobs.

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