Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018 Dec doi: 10.1159/000495926. Background/Aims: Current drug therapies for osteoarthritis (OA) are not practical because of the cytotoxicity and severe side-effects associated with most of them. Artemisinin (ART), an antimalarial agent, is well known for its safety and selectivity to kill injured cells. Based on its anti-inflammatory activity and role in the inhibition of OA-associated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which is crucial in the pathogenesis of OA, we hypothesized that ART might have an effect on OA. Methods: The chondro-protective and antiarthritic effects of ART on interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β)-induced and OA patient-derived chondrocytes were investigated in vitro using cell viability assay, glycosaminoglycan secretion, immunofluorescence, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting. We also used OA model rats constructed by anterior cruciate ligament transection and medial meniscus resection (ACLT+MMx) in the joints to investigate the effects of ART on OA by gross observation,morphological staining, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: ART exhibited potent anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the expression of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and matrix metallopeptidase-13. It also showed favorable chondro-protective effect as evidenced by enhanced cell proliferation and viability, increased glycosaminoglycan deposition, prevention of chondrocyte apoptosis, and degeneration of cartilage. Further, ART inhibited OA progression and cartilage degradation via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, suggesting that it might serve as a Wnt/β-catenin antagonist to reduce inflammation and prevent cartilage degradation. Conclusion: In conclusion, ART alleviates IL-1β-mediated inflammatory response and OA progression by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Thereby, it might be developed as a potential therapeutic agent for OA. 摘要: 研究背景及目的:目前用于骨關(guān)節(jié)炎(OA)的眾多藥物由于其細(xì)胞毒性以及嚴(yán)重的副作用在臨床上使用受限,我們知道青蒿素(ART)是一種抗瘧藥,因為能夠選擇性殺傷受損細(xì)胞而聞名,最近研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其具有很強(qiáng)的抗炎活性以及抑制Wnt /β-catenin信號通路功能,基于此作者提出假設(shè),青蒿素對骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的病理進(jìn)展可能具有一定作用。方法:體外實驗主要是通過分離大鼠以及人原代關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞,探討青蒿素對于白細(xì)胞介素-1-β(IL-1β)刺激后關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞代謝的響體。體外實驗則主要通過切斷前交叉韌帶和切除關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)側(cè)半月板(ACLT + MMx)構(gòu)建的OA模型大鼠,通過大體觀察,形態(tài)學(xué)染色,免疫組織化學(xué)研究青蒿素對OA病理進(jìn)展的影響。結(jié)果:青蒿素通過抑制促炎因子的表達(dá)表現(xiàn)出有效的抗炎作用;通過抑制軟骨細(xì)胞凋亡從而促進(jìn)其增值,同時抑制軟骨細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的降解。青蒿素發(fā)揮以上功能主要是通過抑制Wnt /β-catenin信號傳導(dǎo)途徑。結(jié)論:ART通過調(diào)節(jié)Wnt /β-catenin信號通路從而來延緩OA進(jìn)展。
Fig1. ART對IL-1β誘導(dǎo)的大鼠軟骨細(xì)胞具有保護(hù)作用 (a)首先通過MTT試驗選取用于后續(xù)細(xì)胞實驗所用青蒿素的最佳濃度。發(fā)現(xiàn)0.125–4.0 μg/mL這個濃度范圍可明顯促進(jìn)大鼠軟骨細(xì)胞增值,因此選擇濃度為4.0 μg/mL作為后續(xù)實驗。(b)、(d)通過MTT以及FDA / PI染色檢測其對細(xì)胞增殖以及細(xì)胞活性的影響。(c)通過番紅O染色檢測其對軟骨細(xì)胞合成GAG(蛋白聚糖)的影響。(e)、(f)、(g)分別通過qRT-PCR、WB、IF檢測ART對炎性因子(IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α)以及細(xì)胞凋亡指標(biāo)(BAX、caspase-3)、細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)代謝(MMP-13)的影響。
Fig 2.體外,ART對于人體關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞具有保護(hù)功能。 分離OA病人以及正常人關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞原代培養(yǎng),于第二天、第四天以及第六天進(jìn)行檢測。實驗結(jié)果與大鼠原代軟骨細(xì)胞結(jié)果一致。(a)、(b)通過MTT以及FDA / PI染色發(fā)現(xiàn)ART可以逆轉(zhuǎn)OA關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞的凋亡。(c)、(d)ART可明顯促進(jìn)軟骨細(xì)胞合成蛋白聚糖。(e)、(f)、(g)分別通過qRT-PCR、WB、IF證實了ART可明顯抑制OA關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞中炎性因子(IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α)、凋亡聚蛋白(BAX、caspase-3)以及基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMP-13)的合成。 Fig 3. ART對于大鼠體內(nèi)骨關(guān)節(jié)炎病理改變的影響。 (a)、(b)大鼠骨關(guān)節(jié)炎造模后大體鏡下觀并對其進(jìn)行評分后發(fā)現(xiàn)與造模組組相比,ART組軟骨磨損和骨贅增生程度明顯減輕,大體觀的評分也明顯低于造模組。(c)、(d)通過Masson三色染色評估關(guān)節(jié)軟骨退變情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)ART組較造模組軟骨表面光滑度以及軟骨厚度都較明顯改善,OARSI評分也低于造模組。(e)免疫組化檢測發(fā)現(xiàn)使用ART后關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)中二型膠原合成增多,炎性因子以及凋亡相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)下降。(f)ELISA檢測發(fā)現(xiàn)使用ART組關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)炎性因子以及凋亡相關(guān)蛋白分泌明顯較造模組減低。
Fig.4 ART延緩骨關(guān)節(jié)炎進(jìn)展通過抑制Wnt/β-Catenin信號通路。 主要通過WB以及qRT-PCR探討ART對于軟骨細(xì)胞(大鼠、骨關(guān)節(jié)炎病人)中Wnt/β-Catenin信號通路的影響。(a)、(b)發(fā)現(xiàn),大鼠以及人關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞在IL-1β刺激下以及加入LiCl(促進(jìn)β-catenin入核)后Wnt信號通路下游蛋白β-catenin, Wnt5a, and GSK-3β表達(dá)增加,在此基礎(chǔ)上加入ART后可明顯逆轉(zhuǎn)該過程,同時促進(jìn)Wnt/β-Catenin上游抑制劑FRZB的表達(dá)從而來抑制Wnt/β-Catenin信號的活化。
Fig 5. 圖示ART具體作用機(jī)理,通過抑制Wnt/β-Catenin信號通路發(fā)揮抗炎癥反應(yīng)以及抗凋亡作用。 討論總結(jié)—— 以上實驗結(jié)果表明,ART可以延緩骨關(guān)節(jié)炎病理進(jìn)展,對軟骨細(xì)胞起到一個保護(hù)作用,其具體的作用包括以下幾個方面:首先ART在一定的濃度可以促進(jìn)軟骨細(xì)胞增值并抑制其凋亡;其次抑制骨關(guān)節(jié)炎伴隨的炎癥反應(yīng);最后其對于軟骨細(xì)胞基質(zhì)代謝的影響,ART可促進(jìn)細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)重要組成部分二型膠原以及蛋白聚糖的合成同時抑制細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)降解酶MMP-13的產(chǎn)生,發(fā)揮以上功能的機(jī)理主要是其對于Wnt/β-Catenin信號通路的調(diào)控。因此,作者認(rèn)為在未來,青蒿素可能成為OA的潛在治療藥物。 |
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