《正文》

R軟件中的計量經濟學程序包

Base R ships with a lot of functionality useful for computational econometrics, in particular in the stats package. This functionality is complemented by many packages on CRAN, a brief overview is given below.

There is also a considerable overlap between the tools for econometrics in this view and those in the task views on Finance, SocialSciences, and TimeSeries. Furthermore, the Finance SIG is a suitable mailing list for obtaining help and discussing questions about both computational finance and econometrics.

The packages in this view can be roughly structured into the following topics. If you think that some package is missing from the list, please contact the maintainer.

Basic linear regression（基礎的線性回歸） 

· Estimation and standard inference（估計和標準推斷） : Ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation for linear models is provided by lm() (from stats) and standard tests for model comparisons are available in various methods such as summary() and anova().

· Further inference and nested model comparisons（進一步推斷和嵌套模型比較） : Functions analogous to the basic summary() and anova() methods that also support asymptotic tests ( z instead of t tests, and Chi-squared instead of F tests) and plug-in of other covariance matrices are coeftest() and waldtest() in lmtest. Tests of more general linear hypotheses are implemented in linearHypothesis() and for nonlinear hypotheses in deltaMethod() in car.

· Robust standard errors（穩(wěn)健標準誤） : HC and HAC covariance matrices are available in sandwich and can be plugged into the inference functions mentioned above.

· Nonnested model comparisons（非嵌套模型比較） : Various tests for comparing non-nested linear models are available in lmtest (encompassing test, J test, Cox test). The Vuong test for comparing other non-nested models is provided by nonnest2 (and specifically for count data regression in pscl).

· Diagnost checking : The packages car and lmtest provide a large collection of regression diagonstics and diagnostic tests.

Microeconometrics（微觀計量經濟學）

· Generalized linear models (GLMs) （廣義線性模型）: Many standard microeconometric models belong to the family of generalized linear models and can be fitted by glm() from package stats. This includes in particular logit and probit models for modeling choice data and Poisson models for count data. Effects for typical values of regressors in these models can be obtained and visualized using effects. Marginal effects tables for certain GLMs can be obtained using the mfx and margins packages. Interactive visualizations of both effects and marginal effects are possible in LinRegInteractive.

· Binary responses （二值響應）: The standard logit and probit models (among many others) for binary responses are GLMs that can be estimated by glm() with family = binomial. Bias-reduced GLMs that are robust to complete and quasi-complete separation are provided by brglm. Discrete choice models estimated by simulated maximum likelihood are implemented in Rchoice. Heteroscedastic probit models (and other heteroscedastic GLMs) are implemented in glmx along with parametric link functions and goodness-of-link tests for GLMs.

· Count responses（數(shù)值響應） : The basic Poisson regression is a GLM that can be estimated by glm() with family = poisson as explained above. Negative binomial GLMs are available via glm.nb() in package MASS. Another implementation of negative binomial models is provided by aod, which also contains other models for overdispersed data. Zero-inflated and hurdle count models are provided in package pscl. A reimplementation by the same authors is currently under development in countreg on R-Forge which also encompasses separate functions for zero-truncated regression, finite mixture models etc.

· Multinomial responses（多值響應） : Multinomial models with individual-specific covariates only are available in multinom() from package nnet. Implementations with both individual- and choice-specific variables are mlogit and mnlogit. Generalized multinomial logit models (e.g., with random effects etc.) are in gmnl. Generalized additive models (GAMs) for multinomial responses can be fitted with the VGAM package. A Bayesian approach to multinomial probit models is provided by MNP. Various Bayesian multinomial models (including logit and probit) are available in bayesm. Furthermore, the package RSGHB fits various hierarchical Bayesian specifications based on direct specification of the likelihood function.

· Ordered responses （排序響應）: Proportional-odds regression for ordered responses is implemented in polr() from package MASS. The package ordinal provides cumulative link models for ordered data which encompasses proportional odds models but also includes more general specifications. Bayesian ordered probit models are provided by bayesm.

· Censored responses（刪失響應） : Basic censored regression models (e.g., tobit models) can be fitted by survreg() in survival, a convenience interface tobit() is in package AER. Further censored regression models, including models for panel data, are provided in censReg. Interval regression models are in intReg. Censored regression models with conditional heteroscedasticity are in crch. Furthermore, hurdle models for left-censored data at zero can be estimated with mhurdle. Models for sample selection are available in sampleSelection and semiparametric extensions of these are provided by SemiParSampleSel. Package matchingMarkets corrects for selection bias when the sample is the result of a stable matching process (e.g., a group formation or college admissions problem).

· Truncated responses（截斷響應） : crch for truncated (and potentially heteroscedastic) Gaussian, logistic, and t responses. Homoscedastic Gaussian responses are also available in truncreg.

· Fraction and proportion responses : Fractional response models are in frm. Beta regression for responses in (0, 1) is in betareg and gamlss.

· Miscellaneous（其他） : Further more refined tools for microeconometrics are provided in the micEcon family of packages: Analysis with Cobb-Douglas, translog, and quadratic functions is in micEcon; the constant elasticity of scale (CES) function is in micEconCES; the symmetric normalized quadratic profit (SNQP) function is in micEconSNQP. The almost ideal demand system (AIDS) is in micEconAids. Stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) is in frontier and certain special cases also in sfa. Semiparametric SFA in is available in semsfa and spatial SFA in spfrontier and ssfa. The package bayesm implements a Bayesian approach to microeconometrics and marketing. Estimation and marginal effect computations for multivariate probit models can be carried out with mvProbit. Inference for relative distributions is contained in package reldist.

Instrumental variables（工具變量）

· Basic instrumental variables (IV) regression（基礎工具變量回歸） : Two-stage least squares (2SLS) is provided by ivreg() in AER. Other implementations are in tsls() in package sem, in ivpack, and lfe (with particular focus on multiple group fixed effects).

· Binary responses（二值響應） : An IV probit model via GLS estimation is available in ivprobit. The LARF package estimates local average response functions for binary treatments and binary instruments.

· Panel data （面板數(shù)據(jù)）: Certain basic IV models for panel data can also be estimated with standard 2SLS functions (see above). Dedicated IV panel data models are provided by ivfixed (fixed effects) and ivpanel (between and random effects).

· Miscellaneous（其他） : REndo fits linear models with endogenous regressor using various latent instrumental variable approaches. ivbma estimates Bayesian IV models with conditional Bayes factors. ivlewbel implements the Lewbel approach based on GMM estimation of triangular systems using heteroscedasticity-based IVs.

Panel data models（面板數(shù)據(jù)模型）

· Panel-corrected standard errors （面板修正的標準誤）: A simple approach for panel data is to fit the pooling (or independence) model (e.g., via lm() or glm()) and only correct the standard errors. Different types of panel-corrected standard errors are available in multiwayvcov, clusterSEs, pcse, clubSandwich, plm, and geepack, respectively. The latter two require estimation of the pooling/independence models via plm() and geeglm() from the respective packages (which also provide other types of models, see below).

· Linear panel models（線性面板模型） : plm, providing a wide range of within, between, and random-effect methods (among others) along with corrected standard errors, tests, etc. Another implementation of several of these models is in Paneldata. Various dynamic panel models are available in plm and dynamic panel models with fixed effects in OrthoPanels.

· Generalized estimation equations and GLMs（廣義估計方程和廣義線性模型） : GEE models for panel data (or longitudinal data in statistical jargon) are in geepack. The pglm package provides estimation of GLM-like models for panel data.

· Mixed effects models （混合效應模型）: Linear and nonlinear models for panel data (and more general multi-level data) are available in lme4 and nlme.

· Instrumental variables（工具變量） : ivfixed and ivpanel, see also above.

· Heterogeneous time trends（差異時間趨勢） : phtt offers the possibility of analyzing panel data with large dimensions n and T and can be considered when the unobserved heterogeneity effects are time-varying.

· Miscellaneous（其他） : Multiple group fixed effects are in lfe. Autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity correction in are available in wahc and panelAR. PANIC Tests of nonstationarity are in PANICr. Threshold regression and unit root tests are in pdR. The panel data approach method for program evaluation is available in pampe.

Further regression models（進一步回歸模型）

· Nonlinear least squares modeling（非線性最小二乘模型） : nls() in package stats.

· Quantile regression（分位數(shù)回歸） : quantreg (including linear, nonlinear, censored, locally polynomial and additive quantile regressions).

· Generalized method of moments (GMM) and generalized empirical likelihood (GEL)（廣義矩估計方法和廣義經驗似然估計） : gmm.

· Spatial econometric models（空間計量模型）: The Spatial view gives details about handling spatial data, along with information about (regression) modeling. In particular, spatial regression models can be fitted using spdep and sphet (the latter using a GMM approach). splm is a package for spatial panel models. Spatial probit models are available in spatialprobit.

· Bayesian model averaging (BMA)（貝葉斯模型平均）: A comprehensive toolbox for BMA is provided by BMS including flexible prior selection, sampling, etc. A different implementation is in BMA for linear models, generalizable linear models and survival models (Cox regression).

· Linear structural equation models（線性解構方程模型）: lavaan and sem. See also the Psychometrics task view for more details.

· Simultaneous equation estimation（聯(lián)立方程估計） : systemfit.

· Nonparametric kernel methods（非參數(shù)核方法） : np.

· Linear and nonlinear mixed-effect models（線性核非線性混合效應模型） : nlme and lme4.

· Generalized additive models (GAMs) （廣義加性模型）: mgcv, gam, gamlss and VGAM.

· Extreme bounds analysis（極值邊界分析） : ExtremeBounds.

· Miscellaneous（其他） : The packages VGAM, rms and Hmisc provide several tools for extended handling of (generalized) linear regression models. Zelig is a unified easy-to-use interface to a wide range of regression models.

Time series data and models（時間序列數(shù)據(jù)和模型） 

· The TimeSeries task view provides much more detailed information about both basic time series infrastructure and time series models. Here, only the most important aspects relating to econometrics are briefly mentioned. Time series models for financial econometrics (e.g., GARCH, stochastic volatility models, or stochastic differential equations, etc.) are described in the Finance task view.

· Infrastructure for regularly spaced time series（規(guī)則間隔時間序列的基礎設施 ） : The class 'ts' in package stats is R's standard class for regularly spaced time series (especially annual, quarterly, and monthly data). It can be coerced back and forth without loss of information to 'zooreg' from package zoo.

· Infrastructure for irregularly spaced time series（不規(guī)則間隔時間序列的基礎設施 ） : zoo provides infrastructure for both regularly and irregularly spaced time series (the latter via the class 'zoo') where the time information can be of arbitrary class. This includes daily series (typically with 'Date' time index) or intra-day series (e.g., with 'POSIXct' time index). An extension based on zoo geared towards time series with different kinds of time index is xts. Further packages aimed particularly at finance applications are discussed in the Finance task view.

· Classical time series models（經典時間序列模型） : Simple autoregressive models can be estimated with ar() and ARIMA modeling and Box-Jenkins-type analysis can be carried out with arima() (both in the stats package). An enhanced version of arima() is in forecast.

· Linear regression models（線性回歸模型）: A convenience interface to lm() for estimating OLS and 2SLS models based on time series data is dynlm. Linear regression models with AR error terms via GLS is possible using gls() from nlme.

· Structural time series models（結構時間序列模型） : Standard models can be fitted with StructTS() in stats. Further packages are discussed in the TimeSeries task view.

· Filtering and decomposition（篩選和分解） : decompose() and HoltWinters() in stats. The basic function for computing filters (both rolling and autoregressive) is filter() in stats. Many extensions to these methods, in particular for forecasting and model selection, are provided in the forecast package.

· Vector autoregression （向量自回歸）: Simple models can be fitted by ar() in stats, more elaborate models are provided in package vars along with suitable diagnostics, visualizations etc. A Bayesian approach is available in MSBVAR.

· Unit root and cointegration tests（單位根和協(xié)整檢驗） : urca, tseries, CADFtest. See also pco for panel cointegration tests.

· Miscellaneous（其他） :

o tsDyn - Threshold and smooth transistion models.

o midasr - MIDAS regression and other econometric methods for mixed frequency time series data analysis.

o gets - GEneral-To-Specific (GETS) model selection for either ARX models with log-ARCH-X errors, or a log-ARCH-X model of the log variance.

o tsfa - Time series factor analysis.

o dlsem - Distributed-lag linear structural equation models.

o apt - Asymmetric price transmission models.

Data sets（數(shù)據(jù)集） 

· Textbooks and journals（教科書和期刊） : Packages AER, Ecdat, and wooldridge contain a comprehensive collections of data sets from various standard econometric textbooks as well as several data sets from the Journal of Applied Econometrics and the Journal of Business & Economic Statistics data archives. AER and wooldridge additionally provide extensive sets of examples reproducing analyses from the textbooks/papers, illustrating various econometric methods.

· Canadian monetary aggregates （加拿大貨幣總計）: CDNmoney.

· Penn World Table （佩恩表）: pwt provides versions 5.6, 6.x, 7.x. Version 8.x and 9.x data are available in pwt8 and pwt9, respectively.

· Time series and forecasting data（時間序列和預測數(shù)據(jù)） : The packages expsmooth, fma, and Mcomp are data packages with time series data from the books 'Forecasting with Exponential Smoothing: The State Space Approach' (Hyndman, Koehler, Ord, Snyder, 2008, Springer) and 'Forecasting: Methods and Applications' (Makridakis, Wheelwright, Hyndman, 3rd ed., 1998, Wiley) and the M-competitions, respectively.

· Empirical Research in Economics（經濟學實證研究） : Package erer contains functions and datasets for the book of 'Empirical Research in Economics: Growing up with R' (Sun, forthcoming).

· Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID)（收入動態(tài)追蹤面板數(shù)據(jù)） : psidR can build panel data sets from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID).

· US state- and county-level panel data（美國州和縣級面板數(shù)據(jù)）: rUnemploymentData.

· World Bank data and statistics（世界銀行數(shù)據(jù)和統(tǒng)計）: The wbstats package provides programmatic access to the World Bank API.

Miscellaneous（其他）

· Matrix manipulations（矩陣操作） : As a vector- and matrix-based language, base R ships with many powerful tools for doing matrix manipulations, which are complemented by the packages Matrix and SparseM.

· Optimization and mathematical programming（優(yōu)化和數(shù)學編程） : R and many of its contributed packages provide many specialized functions for solving particular optimization problems, e.g., in regression as discussed above. Further functionality for solving more general optimization problems, e.g., likelihood maximization, is discussed in the the Optimization task view.

· Bootstrap（自助法） : In addition to the recommended boot package, there are some other general bootstrapping techniques available in bootstrap or simpleboot as well some bootstrap techniques designed for time-series data, such as the maximum entropy bootstrap in meboot or the tsbootstrap() from tseries.

· Inequality（不平等） : For measuring inequality, concentration and poverty the package ineq provides some basic tools such as Lorenz curves, Pen's parade, the Gini coefficient and many more.

· Structural change （結構突變）: R is particularly strong when dealing with structural changes and changepoints in parametric models, see strucchange and segmented.

· Exchange rate regimes（匯率制度） : Methods for inference about exchange rate regimes, in particular in a structural change setting, are provided by fxregime.

· Global value chains （全球價值鏈）: Tools and decompositions for global value chains are in gvc and decompr.

· Regression discontinuity design（斷點回歸設計） : A variety of methods are provided in the rdd, rddtools, rdrobust, and rdlocrand packages.

CRAN packages:

· AER (core)

· aod

· apt

· bayesm

· betareg

· BMA

· BMS

· boot

· bootstrap

· brglm

· CADFtest

· car (core)

· CDNmoney

· censReg

· clubSandwich

· clusterSEs

· crch

· decompr

· dlsem

· dynlm

· Ecdat

· effects

· erer

· expsmooth

· ExtremeBounds

· fma

· forecast (core)

· frm

· frontier

· fxregime

· gam

· gamlss

· geepack

· gets

· glmx

· gmm

· gmnl

· gvc

· Hmisc

· ineq

· intReg

· ivbma

· ivfixed

· ivlewbel

· ivpack

· ivpanel

· ivprobit

· LARF

· lavaan

· lfe

· LinRegInteractive

· lme4

· lmtest (core)

· margins

· MASS

· matchingMarkets

· Matrix

· Mcomp

· meboot

· mfx

· mgcv

· mhurdle

· micEcon

· micEconAids

· micEconCES

· micEconSNQP

· midasr

· mlogit

· mnlogit

· MNP

· MSBVAR

· multiwayvcov

· mvProbit

· nlme

· nnet

· nonnest2

· np

· ordinal

· OrthoPanels

· pampe

· panelAR

· Paneldata

· PANICr

· pco

· pcse

· pdR

· pglm

· phtt

· plm (core)

· pscl

· psidR

· pwt

· pwt8

· pwt9

· quantreg

· Rchoice

· rdd

· rddtools

· rdlocrand

· rdrobust

· reldist

· REndo

· rms

· RSGHB

· rUnemploymentData

· sampleSelection

· sandwich (core)

· segmented

· sem

· SemiParSampleSel

· semsfa

· sfa

· simpleboot

· SparseM

· spatialprobit

· spdep

· spfrontier

· sphet

· splm

· ssfa

· strucchange

· survival

· systemfit

· truncreg

· tsDyn

· tseries (core)

· tsfa

· urca (core)

· vars

· VGAM

· wahc

· wbstats

· wooldridge

· xts

· Zelig

· zoo (core)