這要細(xì)細(xì)比較起來,可就說來話長(zhǎng)了…… 《自由新聞報(bào)》是印度一家老牌英文報(bào)紙,迄今已有90年左右的歷史了。 (圖via wiki) 前兩天,它刊登了這樣一篇或許令人有些“意外”的文章—— 為何印度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)落后于中國(guó)(via The Free Press Journal) Emmmmm....來自印度媒體的“靈魂拷問”。 在文章的一開始,作者就給出了這樣一組數(shù)據(jù): The income of a Chinese Citizen was 1.2 times that of an Indian Citizen in 1980 according to the data released by the International Monetary Fund. The income of a Chinese Citizen became 4.4 times that of Indian Citizen in 2018. We have been left behind. 根據(jù)國(guó)際貨幣基金組織公布的數(shù)據(jù),1980年中國(guó)公民的人均收入是印度公民的1.2倍。而到了2018年,中國(guó)公民的人均收入為印度公民的4.4倍。我們被落在后面了。 Why India is far behind China (viaThe Free Press Journal) (圖via Business Today) 說完人均收入后,又來了一組關(guān)于創(chuàng)新的數(shù)據(jù)…… India’s rank in the Innovation Index is 66 against China’s 25. This difference is serious matter. 在“全球創(chuàng)新指數(shù)”的排名中,印度位于第66,而中國(guó)是第25。這種差異是不可小覷。 Why India is far behind China 老實(shí)說,印度要“趕超”世界第二大經(jīng)濟(jì)體中國(guó),絕對(duì)不是一朝一夕的事。這種差距大家都看得見。 但是,發(fā)展國(guó)家也不是喊兩嗓子就能搞定的……畢竟印度當(dāng)下面臨的問題,實(shí)在是太多了。 (圖via footage.framepool) 在這篇文章中,作者很是痛定思痛地剖析了一番。 首先是印度在貿(mào)易中相對(duì)“封閉”: China focused on manufacturing. It opened its economy to the global markets. It invited Multinational Corporations to build factories in China and received huge amounts as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). 中國(guó)專注發(fā)展制造業(yè),經(jīng)濟(jì)向全球市場(chǎng)開放。它邀請(qǐng)跨國(guó)公司在中國(guó)建廠,并獲得了大量的外國(guó)直接投資。 The goods produced were exported in large quantities. This led to growth of GDP as well as the generation of large numbers of jobs in China. 而且,中國(guó)生產(chǎn)的貨物大量用于出口。這不僅帶動(dòng)了GDP的增長(zhǎng),也為中國(guó)創(chuàng)造了大量的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。 In contrast, we followed the strategy of import substitution. We built barriers to FDI. These barriers were only partially dismantled when we liberalised our economy after 1992. Our basic mindset was of encouraging domestic companies. 相反地,我們采取了“進(jìn)口替代”戰(zhàn)略,對(duì)外國(guó)直接投資設(shè)置壁壘。在1992年我們實(shí)行自由化經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí),這些壁壘只被部分消除。我們的基本思路還是以鼓勵(lì)國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)(為主的)。 Why India is far behind China 印度的經(jīng)濟(jì)可以“自閉”到什么地步? 來感受一下: Indian industrialists had formed “Bombay Club” to oppose FDI. 為了反對(duì)外國(guó)直接投資,印度的企業(yè)家們還成立了“孟買俱樂部”。 Why India is far behind China “孟買俱樂部”是啥,主頁(yè)君借下面這篇文獻(xiàn)來解釋一二: 印度吸引外國(guó)投資的措施與實(shí)況(by華碧云/現(xiàn)代國(guó)際關(guān)系研究院) 不過,或許是這樣“自閉”的做法實(shí)在不利于本國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)兩性發(fā)展,印度在這兩年終于也對(duì)FDI(外國(guó)直接投資)打開了大門…… 在包括防務(wù)在內(nèi)的大部分行業(yè),印度已100%實(shí)現(xiàn)FDI(via The Hindu) 這看上去,“猛藥”的確是下了。 不過實(shí)際效果如何,還得看時(shí)間的檢驗(yàn)了…… 印度的FDI在2017-18年度增速僅3%,增速跌至4年最低(via The Times of India) (圖via The Times of India) ![]() 少了外來的“狼”,印度國(guó)內(nèi)缺少競(jìng)爭(zhēng),產(chǎn)業(yè)的生命力就成了問題。 更何況,這背后或許還有官僚主義的問題…… It is a matter of curiosity why the Government did not promote domestic competition. I suspect there was a tacit alliance between bureaucracy and businessmen. 人們會(huì)好奇為何政府不去促進(jìn)國(guó)內(nèi)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。我懷疑,這是官僚與商人之間一種心照不宣的聯(lián)盟。 The bureaucracy wanted to hold the power to grant licenses and the businessmen were happy to make obsolete cars. 官僚機(jī)構(gòu)想把發(fā)放許可證的權(quán)力攥在手心,而商人們則樂于制造過時(shí)的汽車。 Why India is far behind China ![]() 舒舒服服過著安逸日子的后果是什么? 作者感慨:在中國(guó)制造業(yè)飛速發(fā)展的同時(shí),印度的制造業(yè)已經(jīng)輸了…… The fact remains that China has moved in the fast lane in manufacturing and achieved fast economic growth. 事實(shí)仍然是:中國(guó)已進(jìn)入了制造業(yè)發(fā)展的快車道,并實(shí)現(xiàn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速增長(zhǎng)。 By abstaining from global manufacturing, we have, by default embraced the services sectors. We can expect to reap the benefits of the same in the times to come even though we have lost the race for the present. 而我們,則默認(rèn)去擁抱服務(wù)業(yè),放棄了全球制造業(yè)。我們可以期待在未來的時(shí)代獲得(與發(fā)展制造業(yè))同樣的好處——雖然我們目前已經(jīng)輸?shù)袅诉@場(chǎng)比賽。 Why India is far behind China ![]() (圖via網(wǎng)絡(luò)) 此外,印度還存在著教育和衛(wèi)生行業(yè)被官僚主義桎梏、“廢鈔”運(yùn)動(dòng)給制造業(yè)的收入和崗位帶來重創(chuàng)……等等,皆在此文中有所提及。 印媒India Today報(bào)道,“廢鈔”運(yùn)動(dòng)使印度制造業(yè)損失30%的就業(yè)崗位和55%的收入 ![]() 終于到了文章的結(jié)尾。作者繼續(xù)反思道: The reasons for our slipping behind China are that we pushed the interests of the bureaucracy, not the people; and the politicians built the narrative of Ayodhya, caste and cow, not infrastructure and good governance. 我們落后于中國(guó)的原因,是我們推動(dòng)的是官僚的利益,而非人民的利益;政客們?cè)趪@阿約提亞(指宗教問題)、種姓和(保護(hù))圣牛口若懸河,而不把重心放在基建和改善治理上。 The challenge for the next Government is to hold on to the correct path of the service sectors; remove the shackles of bureaucracy on health and education; and change the dialogue of democracy to infrastructure and good governance instead of Ayodhya and cow. 下一屆政府要面臨的挑戰(zhàn),是如何在服務(wù)業(yè)堅(jiān)持正確的發(fā)展道路;如何消除官僚主義在衛(wèi)生和教育上的枷鎖;如何將民主對(duì)話轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榘l(fā)展基建和改善治理——而不是總?cè)ゼm結(jié)宗教和牛的問題。 Why India is far behind China ![]() (圖by SAAHIL) 提到印度,很多中國(guó)百姓能想到的正面印象,可能還是芯片和寶萊塢(對(duì),還有下面這位大叔)。 ![]() 而在這之后,或許就以負(fù)面印象為主了:性別犯罪、衛(wèi)生情況、宗教和種姓問題、和周邊國(guó)家的關(guān)系…… ![]() 雖然印度輿論一直有“要超過中國(guó)”的聲音,但就目前的情況看來…… 似乎不容易辦到啊。 ![]() (圖via Hindustan Times) 整合:lanlan 圖:外媒、網(wǎng)絡(luò) ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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