動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)

1. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)主要有：

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)和將來(lái)完成時(shí)等。

2. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)的表達(dá)方式：

(1)一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示未來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如：tomorrow, next day, soon, in a month, in the future, next Sunday等連用。有時(shí)句中無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，時(shí)間關(guān)系由上下文暗示；

(2)will do還表示臨時(shí)的決定；

(3)在if, unless, before, after, until等引導(dǎo)的條件或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)，而主句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)；

(4) “be going to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示打算、計(jì)劃、決定要做的事或有跡象表明即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)；

(5) “be+V-ing形式”表示按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，這一結(jié)構(gòu)常用于以下動(dòng)詞，如：come, go, leave, arrive, return, fly, meet, see, do, have, get等；

(6) “be about to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示打算或安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。它一般不與表示時(shí)間的副詞或其他時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用；

(7) “be to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作；

(8) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示按時(shí)刻表或根據(jù)規(guī)定將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，這一結(jié)構(gòu)常用于表示位移的動(dòng)詞，如：come, go, leave, start, begin, take off, set off等。

動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)

1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：

is/am/are+V-ed。例如：English is widely spoken all over the world.

2. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：

was/were+V-ed。例如：The underground was built five years ago.

3. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：

①will/shall be+V-ed。例如：

The decision will be made at the meeting tomorrow.

We shall be punished if we break the rule.

②be going to be+V-ed。例如：The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting tomorrow.

③be to be+V-ed。例如：The sports meet is to be held on April 20.

4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：

have/has been +V-ed。例如：Many a house has been built in our city so far.

5. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：

is/am/are being+V-ed。例如：The stadium is being built in the north of our city at present.

6. 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，因其是一個(gè)不可分割的整體，故不可丟掉短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的介詞或副詞。例如：

The nurse took good care of the patients.→The patients were taken good care of by the nurse.

7. 帶有雙賓語(yǔ)的句子的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：帶有雙賓語(yǔ)的句子在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，可以將一個(gè)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，另一個(gè)（多為直接賓語(yǔ)）仍舊保留在謂語(yǔ)后面。例如：

My aunt gave me a bike.

→I was given a bike by my aunt.

→A bike was given to me by my aunt.

8. 帶有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)相應(yīng)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。要注意，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不帶to的不定式，在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)要帶to。例如：

(1)The boss made his workers work hard for him every day.→His workers were made to work hard for him every day by the boss.

(2)Everyone calls him Big Brother.→He was called Big Brother by everyone.

(3)I saw him going into the supermarket.→He was seen going into the supermarket.

9. 帶有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的句子在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，可變成：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be/have been+V-ed。例如：

They must like the book very much.→The book must be liked very much by them.

She must have known the truth.→The truth must have been known by her.

不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主要詞匯

1. 系動(dòng)詞，如：look, sound, sense, smell, feel, appear, remain, stay, keep等不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

2. 不及物動(dòng)詞及短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，如：arise, happen, occur, last, take place, break out, belong to, consist of, come about, come out等不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

【目標(biāo)訓(xùn)練】

用括號(hào)內(nèi)詞匯的適當(dāng)形式填空。

1. Robert usually ______________ (go) to school on foot every morning.

2. The train ______________ (leave) at 9:00 a.m, so you needn’t hurry.

3. If my father ______________ (know) the truth, he will get angry.

4. Preparations for the program ______________ (start) a year ago and ______________ (finish) in three months.

5. Smoking ______________ (believe) to cause more than 6 million deaths worldwide each year.

6. My childhood ______________ (make) magical because of the wonderful writer Roald Dahl.

7. The couple ______________ (visit) China next month and they have bought the plane tickets.

8. We ______________ (spend) next weekend in Hainan with the Greens.

9. Up to now, nine miners ______________ (rescue) from the mine by the rescue team.

10. Much of the research ______________ (take place) during the winter, when trees are bare (光禿禿的).

Key:

1. goes

2. leaves

3. knows

4. were started; will be finished

5. is believed

6. was made

7. will visit/are visiting

8. will spend/are spending

9. have been rescued

10. takes place