非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞專講

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，但仍保留動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)，如可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包括動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)詞的-ing形式和過(guò)去分詞。

動(dòng)詞不定式

一、動(dòng)詞不定式的構(gòu)成

動(dòng)詞不定式由“to+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成，有時(shí)to可以省略。動(dòng)詞不定式?jīng)]有人稱和數(shù)的變化，其否定形式為“not+動(dòng)詞不定式”。

二、動(dòng)詞不定式在句中的作用

1. 作主語(yǔ)。如：

To learn English well is difficult.

提示：動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，為了保持句子平衡，常用it代替它作形式主語(yǔ)，而將真正的主語(yǔ)——?jiǎng)釉~不定式后置，上面的例句常寫為：It’s difficult to learn English well.

形式主語(yǔ)代替動(dòng)詞不定式的常用句型為：It’s+adj.+(of / for sb.) to do sth.或It’s+n.+(for sb.) to do sth.。如：

It’s very nice of you to offer me a seat.

It’s very dangerous for children to cross the busy street.

It was great fun to have a picnic there.

2. 作表語(yǔ)。如：

His dream is to be a doctor.

3. 作賓語(yǔ)。

常見的只能跟動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有afford，agree， decide， expect， fail， hope， learn， manage， offer， plan， pretend， refuse， want等。如：

At last the young man agreed to help us.

提示：有的及物動(dòng)詞（如find， think等）跟動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而將真正的賓語(yǔ)——?jiǎng)釉~不定式后置。如：

I find it hard to get along with him.

4. 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

1) 常見的跟動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有advise， allow， ask， encourage， help， invite， order，teach， tell， want， warn等。如：

Mr Green told me to send two e-mails.

提示：help跟的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)既可以是帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式，也可以是不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。如：

Can you help the girl (to) move the chair?

2) 使役動(dòng)詞（如make， let等）及感官動(dòng)詞（如see，listen， feel， hear， watch等）跟的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。如：

These old photos make me think of my childhood.

I saw a young man enter the room.

提示：在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，要改為帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。如：

She was often heard to sing this song.

5. 作定語(yǔ)。

動(dòng)詞不定式可以作名詞的定語(yǔ)；還可在某些句型中作定語(yǔ)，與所修飾的名詞是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。如：

I haven’t had the chance to think yet.（作名詞的定語(yǔ)）

I have tons of letters to answer.（answer和letter是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系）

提示：動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞且為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，如果動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞，后面要加上相應(yīng)的介詞。如：

Tina has no paper to write on.

6. 作狀語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ)往往表示原因、目的、結(jié)果等。如：

They were surprised to find that nobody was in the house. (表示原因)

To get a good seat she arrived at the hall early. (表示目的)

The boy is old enough to take care of himself. (表示結(jié)果)

三、兩點(diǎn)說(shuō)明

1. had better， would rather， Why not ...?，Will / Would you please ...?后面接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。如：

To catch the early bus, you’d better get up early tomorrow morning.

2. 動(dòng)詞不定式可以和疑問(wèn)詞what， which， how，where， when等連用，構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞不定式的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

Can you tell me where to buy a map?

動(dòng)詞的-ing形式

一、動(dòng)詞的-ing形式的構(gòu)成

動(dòng)詞的-ing形式由“動(dòng)詞原形+-ing”構(gòu)成，其否定形式為“not+動(dòng)詞的-ing形式”。

二、動(dòng)詞的-ing形式在句中的作用

動(dòng)詞的-ing形式在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等。如：

Playing computer games too much is bad for your eyes. （作主語(yǔ)）

Have you finished reading the newspaper? （作賓語(yǔ)）

His hobby is playing table tennis. （作表語(yǔ)）

Mom went out with a shopping basket. （作定語(yǔ)）

The woman kept me waiting for about an hour. （作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）

三、 動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的五點(diǎn)說(shuō)明

1. 常見的只能跟動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)的詞語(yǔ)或句型有：consider， enjoy， finish， keep， practice， suggest， be busy， can’t help， give up， have fun， What / How about ...?， Would you mind ...?。

2. 有些及物動(dòng)詞（如like， love， hate， begin， start等）既可以跟動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)，也可以跟動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)，且意思上沒(méi)什么差別。如：

Do you like reading / to read?

3. 有些及物動(dòng)詞（如remember， forget， stop， try等）既可以跟動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)，也可以跟動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)，但意義有別。remember / forget doing sth.意為“記得/忘記曾做過(guò)某事”，remember / forget to do sth.意為“記得/忘記要做某事”；stop doing sth. 意為“停止正在做的事情”，stop to do sth.意為“停止（正在做的事）去做另外一件事”。如：

Now stop writing. Listen to me, please.

Now stop to have a rest, please.

4. 許多由介詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞跟動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)。如：be afraid of， be good at， be interested in， be used to， feel like， look forward to， pay attention to等。

5. 感官動(dòng)詞既可以跟動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，也可以跟不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)；前者表示動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行，后者表示動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程。如：

I saw them playing soccer when I walked past.

I often see them play soccer in the school.

動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞

動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞一般由“動(dòng)詞原形+-ed”構(gòu)成，但有一部分是不規(guī)則的，需要同學(xué)們特別記憶。動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞除了構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)部分，在句中還可以作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等。如：

The broken car is not hers.（作定語(yǔ)）

She felt excited at the news.（作表語(yǔ)）

I have my hair cut yesterday.（作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞專練

Ⅰ. 根據(jù)句意用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。

1. Do you think it necessary ________(learn) English well?

2. We should plant more trees ________(make) our city greener.

3. If you want to learn English well, you must keep ________ (study) hard.

4. The joke makes him ________(feel) angry.

5. You’d better not ________(throw) the plastic bags here and there.

6. Listen! Can you hear a baby ________(cry)?

7. The doctor advised her ________(take) more exercise every day.

8. Remember ________(hand) in your homework on time tomorrow.

9. Sam enjoys ________(paint) on weekends.

10. ________(swim) is good for our health.

11. Is there a band ________(call) Crazy Feet in your city?

12. When he got home, he found the door ________ (lock).

Ⅱ. 從A、B、C、D 四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出可以填入空白處的最佳答案。

( )1. Please let the young man ______ a second time.

A. try B. to try

C. trying D. tried

( )2. It’s a good habit to practice ______ English aloud every morning.

A. to read B. reading

C. read D. reads

( )3. He found it very interesting ______ a horse on the farm.

A. ride B. riden

C. riding D. to ride

( )4. It’s foolish ______ you ______ the young man.

A. for; to believe B. of; to believe

C. for; believing D. of; believing

( )5. —This book is a bit difficult. Why not ______ something easier?

—Good idea!

A. read B. to read

C. reading D. reads

( )6. My parents often tell me ______ too much junk food because it’s bad for my health.

A. not eating B. not to eat

C. eating D. to eat

( )7. Will you please ______ me ______ some washing this evening, Alan?

A. help; do B. help; doing

C. to help; do D. to help; doing

( )8. —Lisa, we’ve decided ______ on a trip this afternoon. Will you join us?

—I’m afraid not. I have a composition ______.

A. going; writing B. to go; writing

C. going; to write D. to go; to write

( )9. —Have you finished ______ the English storybook?

—Not yet. It’s too hard ______.

A. to read; to understand

B. to read; understanding

C. reading; to understand

D. reading; understanding

( )10. The workers are busy ______ in the factory.

A. work B. to work

C. works D. working

答案

Ⅰ. 1. to learn 2. to make 3. studying 4. feel 5. throw 6. crying 7. to take

8. to hand 9. painting 10. Swimming / To swim 11. called 12. locked

Ⅱ. 1-5 ABDBA 6-10 BADCD