圍術(shù)期血液管理是指包括圍術(shù)期輸血以及減少失血、優(yōu)化血液制品、減少輸血相關(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和各種血液保護(hù)措施的綜合應(yīng)用等。 圍術(shù)期輸血是指在圍術(shù)期輸入血液或其相關(guān)成分,包括自體血以及異體全血、紅細(xì)胞、血小板、新鮮冰凍血漿和冷沉淀等。成分輸血是依據(jù)患者病情的實(shí)際需要,輸入相關(guān)的血液成分。血液管理的其他措施包括為避免或減少失血及輸入異體血所使用的藥物和技術(shù)。
1. 填寫(xiě)《臨床輸血申請(qǐng)單》,簽署《輸血治療同意書(shū)》; 2. 血型鑒定和交叉配血試驗(yàn); 3. 咨詢相關(guān)??漆t(yī)師或會(huì)診。擇期手術(shù)患者應(yīng)暫??鼓委煟ɡ缛A法林、抗凝血酶制劑達(dá)比加群酯),對(duì)特定患者可使用短效藥(例如肝素、低分子量肝素)進(jìn)行橋接治療; 除有經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療史的患者外,如果臨床上可行,建議在術(shù)前較充足的時(shí)間內(nèi)停用非阿司匹林類的抗血小板藥(例如噻吩并吡啶類,包括氯吡格雷、替格瑞洛或普拉格雷);根據(jù)外科手術(shù)的情況,考慮是否停用阿司匹林; 4. 當(dāng)改變患者抗凝狀態(tài)時(shí),需充分衡量血栓形成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和出血增加的風(fēng)險(xiǎn); 5. 既往有出血史的患者應(yīng)行血小板功能檢測(cè),判斷血小板功能減退是否因使用抗血小板藥所致; 6. 了解患者貧血的原因(慢性出血、缺鐵性貧血、腎功能不全、溶血性貧血或炎癥性貧血等),并根據(jù)病因治療貧血,首先考慮鐵劑治療; 7.血液病患者術(shù)前應(yīng)進(jìn)行病因治療和/或全身支持治療,包括少量輸血或成分輸血、補(bǔ)鐵、加強(qiáng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)等; 8. 如患者選擇自體輸血且條件許可時(shí),可在術(shù)前采集自體血; 9. Rh陰性和其他稀有血型患者,術(shù)前應(yīng)備好預(yù)估的需要血量。 A.除常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)外,術(shù)中出血患者應(yīng)在血細(xì)胞比容、血紅蛋白水平和凝血功能的監(jiān)測(cè)下指導(dǎo)成分輸血; B.圍術(shù)期應(yīng)維持患者前負(fù)荷,但要避免全身血容量過(guò)高。嚴(yán)重出血時(shí),應(yīng)考慮動(dòng)態(tài)評(píng)估液體反應(yīng)性和無(wú)創(chuàng)心排血量的監(jiān)測(cè),不應(yīng)將中心靜脈壓和肺動(dòng)脈楔壓作為判斷血容量的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn); C.出現(xiàn)急性出血時(shí),建議反復(fù)測(cè)量血細(xì)胞比容、血紅蛋白、血清乳酸水平及酸堿平衡情況,以了解組織灌注、組織氧合及出血的動(dòng)態(tài)變化。 成人: 濃縮紅細(xì)胞補(bǔ)充量=(Hct預(yù)計(jì)值-Hct實(shí)測(cè)值)×55×體重/0.60 小兒: 紅細(xì)胞補(bǔ)充量=(Hb預(yù)計(jì)值-Hb實(shí)測(cè)值)×體重×5(Hb單位為mg/dl) 大多數(shù)患者維持血紅蛋白70g/L~80g/L(Hct21%~24%),存在心肌缺血、冠心病的患者維持血紅蛋白100g/L(Hct30%)以上。 輸注紅細(xì)胞時(shí),也可參考圍術(shù)期輸血指征評(píng)分(POTTS)決定開(kāi)始輸注的患者血紅蛋白濃度及輸注后的目標(biāo)血紅蛋白濃度。 上述四項(xiàng)總計(jì)分再加60分為POTTS總分。最高分為100分,即如果總分≥100分則算為100分,評(píng)分值對(duì)應(yīng)啟動(dòng)輸注RBCs且需維持的最低血紅蛋白濃度。
(1)血小板制品:包括手工分離血小板、機(jī)器單采血小板。 (2)輸注指征:用于血小板數(shù)量減少或功能異常伴異常滲血的患者。
(3)注意事項(xiàng)
用于圍術(shù)期凝血因子缺乏的患者。研究表明北美洲、歐洲的白種人維持正常凝血因子濃度的30%或不穩(wěn)定凝血因子僅需維持5%~20%,就可以達(dá)到正常凝血狀況。 (1)血漿制品:包括新鮮冰凍血漿(FFP)、冰凍血漿和新鮮血漿。 (2)使用FFP的指征:
(3)使用說(shuō)明
(2)以下情況應(yīng)考慮輸注冷沉淀:
(3)使用說(shuō)明 A. 圍術(shù)期纖維蛋白原濃度應(yīng)維持在100mg/dl~150mg/dl之上,應(yīng)根據(jù)傷口滲血及出血情況決定冷沉淀的補(bǔ)充量。在冷沉淀輸注結(jié)束后,應(yīng)臨床評(píng)估、重復(fù)檢測(cè)纖維蛋白原,若需要可再補(bǔ)充。 一個(gè)單位冷沉淀約含150mg纖維蛋白原,使用20單位冷沉淀可恢復(fù)到必要的纖維蛋白原濃度; B. 冷沉淀用于Ⅷ因子水平低下或缺乏的補(bǔ)充,按每單位冷沉淀含Ⅷ因子80IU估算。輕度、中度和重度Ⅷ因子水平低下或缺乏時(shí),補(bǔ)充劑量分別為10IU/kg~15IU/kg、20IU/kg~30IU/kg和40IU/kg~50IU/kg; 用于纖維蛋白原水平低下或缺乏補(bǔ)充,按每單位冷沉淀含纖維蛋白原150mg估算,通常首次劑量50mg/kg~60mg/kg,維持量10mg/kg~20mg/kg。 全血輸注存在很多弊端,目前主張不用或少用全血,輸全血的適應(yīng)證越來(lái)越少,其主要用于:
7. 大失血時(shí)藥物輔助治療 嚴(yán)重滲血時(shí),若常規(guī)治療手段均失敗,可考慮使用重組活化凝血因子Ⅶ,它還可用于治療合并低溫或酸中毒的凝血障礙,其使用劑量為90μg/kg~120μg/kg,可反復(fù)使用; (5)氨甲環(huán)酸: 應(yīng)用于纖溶亢進(jìn)時(shí),可明顯減少患者輸血量,推薦劑量為20mg/kg~25mg/kg,可反復(fù)使用或1mg/(kg·h)~2mg/(kg·h)靜脈泵注維持; (6)Ca2+: 維持正常的鈣離子水平(≥0.9 mmol/L)有助于維持凝血功能正常; (7)去氨加壓素: 預(yù)防性應(yīng)用可使甲型血友病和血管性血友病患者術(shù)中出血減少,但重復(fù)使用可使療效降低。
自體輸血可以避免輸注異體血時(shí)的潛在輸血反應(yīng)、血源傳播性疾病和免疫抑制,對(duì)一時(shí)無(wú)法獲得同型血的患者也是唯一血源。 1.貯存式自體輸血 術(shù)前一定時(shí)間采集患者自身的血液進(jìn)行保存,在手術(shù)期間使用。 (1)適應(yīng)證
(2)禁忌證
(3)注意事項(xiàng)
2.急性等容性血液稀釋 急性等容性血液稀釋一般在麻醉后、手術(shù)主要出血步驟開(kāi)始前,抽取患者一定量的自體血在室溫下保存?zhèn)溆?,同時(shí)輸入膠體液或一定比例晶體液補(bǔ)充血容量,以減少手術(shù)出血時(shí)血液的有形成份丟失。待主要出血操作完成后或根據(jù)術(shù)中失血及患者情況,將自體血回輸給患者。 (1)適應(yīng)證 患者身體一般情況良好,血紅蛋白≥110g/L(血細(xì)胞比容≥0.33),估計(jì)術(shù)中失血量大時(shí),可以考慮進(jìn)行急性等容性血液稀釋。年齡并非該技術(shù)的禁忌;當(dāng)手術(shù)需要降低血液粘稠度,改善微循環(huán)時(shí)也可采用該技術(shù)。 (2)禁忌證
(3)注意事項(xiàng)
3. 回收式自體輸血 血液回收是指使用血液回收裝置,將患者體腔積血、手術(shù)失血及術(shù)后引流血液進(jìn)行回收、抗凝、洗滌、濾過(guò)等處理,然后回輸給患者。 血液回收必須采用合格的設(shè)備,回收處理的血液必須達(dá)到一定的質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。體外循環(huán)后的機(jī)器余血應(yīng)盡可能回輸給患者。 回收式自體輸血推薦用于預(yù)計(jì)血量較大的手術(shù),如體外循環(huán)、骨科手術(shù)、顱腦外科及大血管手術(shù)、胸腹腔閉合出血的手術(shù)。也可謹(jǐn)慎用于特殊的產(chǎn)科患者(胎盤(pán)疾病、預(yù)計(jì)出血量大),應(yīng)用時(shí)需采用單獨(dú)吸引管道回收血液,并于回輸時(shí)使用白細(xì)胞濾器或微聚體濾器。 當(dāng)Rh陰性血型產(chǎn)婦使用自體血回輸后,建議檢測(cè)母體血液中胎兒紅細(xì)胞含量。 回收血液的禁忌證:
輸入異體血可能抑制受血者的免疫功能,可能影響疾病的轉(zhuǎn)歸。應(yīng)嚴(yán)格遵循輸血適應(yīng)證,避免不必要的輸血。 如發(fā)生輸血不良反應(yīng),治療措施包括:
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