自1800年代起,我們對(duì)雌激素在乳腺癌中的作用有了認(rèn)知。當(dāng)時(shí),在一些案例中,女性的乳腺癌似乎在手術(shù)切除卵巢后有所好轉(zhuǎn)。有一個(gè)說法是卵巢會(huì)對(duì)身體的其他部位產(chǎn)生“神秘的”影響,而這影響在1923年被確定為雌激素。醫(yī)學(xué)界抓緊了這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì),開始給成千上萬的更年期女性注射雌激素,而這也被認(rèn)為是“讓人不斷看醫(yī)生的正當(dāng)理由”。很快地,就出現(xiàn)了雌激素藥片和貼劑,以及刊登在《美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)雜志》等醫(yī)學(xué)雜志上、專門吸引醫(yī)生的廣告。這些廣告討醫(yī)生歡心,聲稱醫(yī)生能“輕松開出雌激素,幫助婦女重獲幸福”,而對(duì)于“卵巢壽命已?的婦女”來說,還有倍美力(Premarin)可用。早在1940年代,人們就開始擔(dān)心這種做法可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致乳腺癌,并指出在我們開始為大量婦女配藥之前,把這點(diǎn)弄清楚應(yīng)該是比較好的做法。然而,一份評(píng)論總結(jié)認(rèn)為乳腺癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)似乎并沒有那么重要,因?yàn)?/span>心臟病才是女性的頭號(hào)殺手,而服用激素的女性心臟病發(fā)作率似乎更低。這意思就是,即使因服用激素而得到乳腺癌,那也值得了。可是,服用激素的婦女往往是那些社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)階層較高的人,她們不但運(yùn)動(dòng)更多,也做了其他健康的生活改變,例如食用更多的膳食纖維和定期檢查膽固醇。因此,或許這才是服用雌激素的婦女似乎可以預(yù)防心臟病的原因;或許與她們服用的藥本身毫無干系。盡管醫(yī)學(xué)界“對(duì)雌激素替代療法充滿熱情”,但除非做一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)臨床試驗(yàn),否則無法真正為這個(gè)問題解答。我們需要的是將女性分為兩組,一半接受雌激素劑,一半接受安慰劑,并追蹤她們數(shù)年,一探究竟。然而,一直到1990年代《婦女健康倡議研究》成立后,才有了第一項(xiàng)這類研究。等一下,為什么需要花一個(gè)多世紀(jì)的時(shí)間,才決定要做一項(xiàng)針對(duì)數(shù)百萬婦女處方安全性的研究呢?也許這是因?yàn)?strong>在那之前從未有過女性擔(dān)任美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生所研究院(NIH)的主任。伯納丁·希利(Bernadine Healy)在1991年被任命為NIH主管三周后,在國(guó)會(huì)宣布我們需要為女性做出登月式的突破。這項(xiàng)宣布開始了《婦女健康倡議》,是在美國(guó)進(jìn)行過最具權(quán)威以及影響最深遠(yuǎn)的婦女健康臨床試驗(yàn)。2002年夏天,令人意外的結(jié)果出爐了。在激素使用者中,侵襲性乳腺癌發(fā)生率高太多,以至于研究被迫提前終止。那心臟病呢?不是只要對(duì)心臟病有用就行了嗎?事實(shí)上,這些女性不僅更容易罹患乳腺癌,還更容易有心臟病、中風(fēng)及肺部血凝塊。接受激素替代療法的婦女“更容易罹患乳腺癌、心血管疾病,并且整體傷害率更高的這消息震驚了全國(guó)各地的婦女和醫(yī)生”。在這項(xiàng)研究前,雌激素起初是在美國(guó)最廣泛的處方藥物,但在研究發(fā)表后,處方數(shù)量立即下降;一年之內(nèi),美國(guó)的乳腺癌發(fā)病率也下降了。關(guān)于這整起事件最重要的問題是,人們究竟在驚訝什么呢?早已有了數(shù)十年關(guān)于癌癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的反復(fù)警告。實(shí)際上,乳腺癌患者起訴制藥公司如此難的原因,正是因?yàn)?strong>過去數(shù)十年來,藥物上都包含了警告標(biāo)示。既然這樣,任何講理的醫(yī)生都會(huì)因此與他們的病人討論相關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和益處,對(duì)吧?就像香煙包裝上的警告標(biāo)示一様,如果你現(xiàn)在得了肺癌,只能怪自己當(dāng)初沒想好。因此,如果你因?yàn)榻邮芗に靥娲煼ǘ剂巳橄侔?,可不能?zé)怪制藥公司,因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)缇途嫦嚓P(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)了!那為什么沒有更多醫(yī)生警告他們的患者呢?甚至在這項(xiàng)研究發(fā)表之后,還有數(shù)以百萬計(jì)的處方繼續(xù)被開給病人。一位醫(yī)生寫道,是我們促成了更多的癌癥。“我們要花多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間才能放棄經(jīng)濟(jì)利益,承認(rèn)我們正在傷害患者,并且開始改變我們的處方習(xí)慣?”面對(duì)越來越多對(duì)人具有危害的證據(jù),為什么這種做法還繼續(xù)存在呢?嗯,這是一個(gè)數(shù)十億美元的產(chǎn)業(yè)。盡管有大量相反的證據(jù),許多醫(yī)生依舊認(rèn)為雌激素具有整體健康益處。這種不是基于科學(xué)實(shí)證的看法,可能是制藥業(yè)數(shù)十年來精心策劃、對(duì)醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)施加影響力的結(jié)果。的確,“有許多在醫(yī)學(xué)雜志上發(fā)表的營(yíng)養(yǎng)補(bǔ)品評(píng)論,被用來宣傳未經(jīng)證實(shí)的更年期激素療法的益處,并且輕描淡寫其傷害……”其中,公關(guān)公司收了錢,寫了文章,再將文章假冒成出自專家之手。那我們?cè)撛趺崔k呢?“婦科醫(yī)生必須把目標(biāo)從追求名利轉(zhuǎn)換為追求證據(jù)?!睋Q句話說,婦科醫(yī)生必須考慮科學(xué)是怎么說的,而不是某些所謂的專家是怎么說的。有人認(rèn)為,“當(dāng)前的婦科文化所鼓勵(lì)的健康信息是基于廣告營(yíng)銷,而非基于科學(xué)實(shí)證?!?/span>“婦女被她們的醫(yī)生置于危險(xiǎn)境地,而醫(yī)生又扮演了令人信賴、被制藥公司利用的代罪羔羊角色?!?/span>如果我們真的想防止女性心臟病發(fā)作,光是采行簡(jiǎn)單的生活形態(tài)改變就可以消除90%以上的心臟病發(fā)作風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,醫(yī)生與其擔(dān)任制藥產(chǎn)業(yè)的打手,不如“提供真正有益于女性健康的建議,包括健康飲食、增加運(yùn)動(dòng)量和戒煙?!?/span>延伸閱讀: 為何營(yíng)養(yǎng)界存在嚴(yán)重的商業(yè)腐敗現(xiàn)象 原創(chuàng)文章,歡迎轉(zhuǎn)載 白名單事宜請(qǐng)聯(lián)系后臺(tái) 參考文獻(xiàn): S Boyd. 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National Institutes of Health. 文:格雷格醫(yī)生 / 能救命的營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué) 封面圖:Michal Jarmoluk / Pixabay(已修圖) 翻譯:Jin Liou 編輯:Hailey Chang 格雷格醫(yī)生 ?全科醫(yī)生,專攻臨床營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué) ?畢業(yè)于塔夫茨大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院及康奈爾大學(xué)農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)院 ?公益組織NutritionFacts.org“能救命的營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)”創(chuàng)辦人 ?紐約時(shí)報(bào)暢銷書作者 ?營(yíng)養(yǎng)、食品安全、公共衛(wèi)生等主題國(guó)際知名講者 公眾號(hào)ID nutrition_facts_org |
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