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天游峰
九曲溪
大紅袍
九龍窠的山峰逶迤起伏，如九條龍相連。武夷山大紅袍的母本樹就生長(zhǎng)在九龍窠內(nèi)一座陡峭的巖壁上。巖壁上的“大紅袍”石刻為1927年天心寺和尚所刻，石刻旁邊一共六棵古老的灌木茶樹，終年在半山的峭峰深壑間兀自生長(zhǎng)，不被打擾，鮮有日照，取天地之精，汲巖壁之氣，生得清麗瘦秀，卻蘊(yùn)含清洌芳香。歷朝歷代，這里都是有專人駐步把守的禁區(qū)，只在春季開采成為貢茶，而產(chǎn)量也不過斤。于是，僅20克的母本大紅袍，便可賣達(dá)二十萬元以上，并屢創(chuàng)新高，且這還是數(shù)年前的價(jià)格了。
“Mount Wuyi is the most outstanding area for biodiversity conservation in south-east China and a refuge for a large number of ancient, relict species, many of them endemic to China. The serene beauty of the dramatic gorges of the Nine Bend River, with its numerous temples and monasteries, many now in ruins, provided the setting for the development and spread of Neo-Confucianism, which has been influential in the cultures of East Asia since the 11th century. In the 1st century B.C. a large administrative capital was built at nearby Chengcun by the Han dynasty rulers. Its massive walls enclose an archaeological site of great significance.”It is the assessment of the World Heritage Committee on Mount Wuyi when it was included in the list of World Cultural and Natural Heritage in 1999.
Tianyou Peak
Nine Bend River
Da Hong Pao
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“武夷山脈是中國(guó)東南部最負(fù)盛名的生物保護(hù)區(qū)，也是許多古代孑遺植物的避難所，其中許多生物為中國(guó)所特有。九曲溪兩岸峽谷秀美，寺院廟宇眾多，但其中也有不少早已成為廢墟。該地區(qū)為唐宋理學(xué)的發(fā)展和傳播提供了良好的地理環(huán)境。自11世紀(jì)以來，理教對(duì)中國(guó)東部地區(qū)的文化產(chǎn)生了相當(dāng)深刻的影響。公元1世紀(jì)時(shí)，漢朝統(tǒng)治者在城村附近建立了一處較大的行政首府，厚重堅(jiān)實(shí)的圍墻環(huán)繞四周，極具考古價(jià)值?！边@是1999年武夷山被列入世界自然與文化遺產(chǎn)名錄時(shí)，世界遺產(chǎn)委員會(huì)分別對(duì)其作出的評(píng)價(jià)。
武夷山位于中國(guó)東南部福建省西北的武夷山市南郊，總面積近一千平方公里。武夷山的自然風(fēng)光獨(dú)樹一幟，以“丹霞地貌”著稱于世。九曲溪沿岸的奇峰與峭壁，倒映在清澈的河水中，構(gòu)成一幅精美絕倫的山水景觀。在為數(shù)不多的世界自然與文化雙遺產(chǎn)當(dāng)中，武夷山成功入選。對(duì)于自然遺產(chǎn)來說，武夷山丹山碧水、峰巒疊嶂，四季不同天，有著百轉(zhuǎn)千回的美。武夷山保存了世界同緯度帶最好的中亞熱帶原生性森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，擁有大量完整無損多種多樣的林帶，是中國(guó)亞熱帶森林和中國(guó)南部雨林最大和最具代表性的例證。對(duì)于文化遺產(chǎn)而言，武夷山保存著許多考古遺址，包括4000多年前的古閩越人遺跡、建于公元前1世紀(jì)的漢城遺址、大量的寺廟和與公元11世紀(jì)產(chǎn)生的朱子理學(xué)相關(guān)的書院遺址等。武夷山將中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化中的佛、道、儒存于一爐，令朱子理學(xué)與茶文化并存發(fā)展壯大，至今影響深遠(yuǎn)。
武夷山不像其他名峰一樣有著高不可攀的高度，其中作為代表的天游峰海撥408米，相對(duì)高度僅215米。但丹霞山峰絕壁垂直，高聳入云，如遨游天宮瓊閣，確有“天游”之妙。從峰腳仰視可見一線飛瀑——雪花泉從峰頂飛流直下，有著涓涓秀麗的清瘦之美。登頂天游山巔俯瞰武夷群峰，有了云霧的遮掩，群峰懸浮，一直逶迤至天盡頭，如迷宮般相連又相望，綿綿不絕又煢煢孑立。武夷山有一份山清水秀間質(zhì)樸的安寧之色，正是這份不張揚(yáng)又不夸張的清麗，令山與水融合一體，山伴著水而生，水依著山而流，一齊出現(xiàn)又一齊消失。蜿蜒多姿的九曲溪緩緩流過，并在山腳掉了個(gè)頭，逶迤而去。當(dāng)年，徐霞客曾到此云游，并發(fā)出：“不臨溪而能盡九溪之勝，此峰固應(yīng)第一也”，后人也稱天游為第一山。
九曲溪是山與水完美結(jié)合的典范。每年雨季，兩岸丹霞紅巖披上了一層青濕之色，在蔥蘢草木點(diǎn)綴下，更顯青翠。雨珠敲擊著溪面，泛起蒙蒙霧氣，氤氳在山水間聚了又散，沒有具像卻更顯迷幻之美。溪水在雨中盈盈滿滿，有如美玉，圓潤(rùn)光潔，碧色傾城；亦如銅鏡，美人初妝，倒影卓卓。船夫撐起一葉竹排，青山如影，從眼旁緩緩溜走，不徐不急。朱紅的摩崖石刻不經(jīng)意間出現(xiàn)在垂直絕壁上，有的孤芳自賞，有的連綿成片。溯游從之，玉女峰宛在水中央，秀麗亭亭又巍峨猗猗；大王峰上豐下瘦的身型在云間展露，它與玉女的傳說由來已久，只是生生世世不能相見，雖距咫尺卻已天涯。
武夷山之所以能入選世界文化遺產(chǎn)，其中很重要的部分便是由“大紅袍”引出的茶文化。大紅袍被譽(yù)為“茶中之王”，是武夷巖茶中的珍品和代表。大紅袍屬于烏龍茶類，與綠茶、紅茶制作工藝一脈相承并不斷創(chuàng)新和發(fā)展，形成了自己獨(dú)創(chuàng)的工藝和高超的技能。關(guān)于大紅袍的故事有許多演繹，簡(jiǎn)單一句就是有個(gè)窮秀才時(shí)曾喝過此茶以解腹脹，后飛黃騰達(dá)成了狀元，衣錦還鄉(xiāng)時(shí)將此茶上貢，得到御賜紅袍，并將紅袍披于茶樹上，從此“大紅袍”成了茶葉中極珍品，只得聽聞，不可親嘗。
【全文翻譯】
Located at the south suburbs of Wuyishan City in the northwest of the southeast province Fujian of China, Mount Wuyi covers a total area of about 1,000 square kilometers. With its unique natural scenery, the mountain is famous for its “Danxia landform”. The towering peaks and cliffs along the Nine Bend River reflected in the clear water constitute a magnificent mountain and water landscape. Mount Wuyi is among the small number of sites entering the lists of both World Cultural Heritage and the World Natural Heritage. As the World Natural Heritage, its red cliffs, clear water, mountain peaks, different climates in four seasons, and chopping and changing scene present its superb beauty. Mount Wuyi preserves the best mid-subtropical original forest ecosystem at the same latitude in the world. With a great diversity of intact forest belts, it is the largest and most representative example of the Chinese Subtropical Forest and the South Chinese Rainforest. For the cultural heritages, Mount Wuyi preserves many archeological sites, including the relics of ancient Minyue people before 4,000 years, the ruins of Han City in the 1st century BC, a large number of temples, and the sites of academies as the cradle of Neo-Confucianism developed since the 11th century AD. Incorporating Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism of traditional Chinese culture, Mount Wuyi has promoted the co-existence, development, and growth of Neo-Confucianism and tea culture and produced a lasting influence.
Mount Wuyi is different from other famous mountains which are of lofty height. The representative Tianyou Peak is 408 meters above the sea level and the relative height is only 215 meters. Nevertheless, the vertical cliffs of the peak in Danxia landform tower into the sky. The journey to the peak is like traveling in the heavenly palace, providing the wonderful experience of “heavenly tour”. Looking up from the foot of the peak, there is a torrent of waterfall---the Snowflake Spring cascades down the peak, showing the charm of the narrow and rolling spring. Overlooking the peaks of Mount Wuyi from the top of the Tianyou Peak, you will find the peaks in mist and clouds stretch to the end of the skyline. It looks like a giant maze of connecting but separatingpeaks perching alone on the sea of clouds. With a sense of calm peacefulness in the picturesque scenery, Mount Wuyi is neither showy nor exaggerating. Mountains and water are perfectly combined here. Mountains rise from the water and water follows beside the mountains. They show and disappear together. The zigzagging Nine Bend River flows slowly through the mountains and turns to another direction right at the foot of the mountain. Xu Xiake had traveled here and marveled that “Though it is not adjacent to the river, it provides the best view of the Nine Bend River. It should be the first peak of the Mount Wuyi.” Later, the Tianyou Peak is called the first peak of the Mount Wuyi.
Nine Bend River is a typical example of the perfect combination of mountains and water. In the rainy season every year, the red cliffs of the Danxia landform along the river are covered with a layer of green moss. It is even greener in the background of verdant trees and grasses. When the raindrops fall onto the surface of the water, it would create foggy mist which gathers and spreads between the mountains and water. Without concrete images, the mist is subtle and fantastic. The river is full of water in the rain, like a mellow and smooth jade with gorgeous green sometimes, and a bronze mirror reflecting thewonderful scenery sometimes. On a bamboo raft stands a boatman. The green mountains slide back slowly beside his eyes unhurriedly. Inadvertently, red inscriptions appear on the vertical cliffs. Some are indulging in self-admiration, while others are in groups connecting to each other. To the upstream of the river, Yunu Peak stands as if in the center of water, elegant but majestic; the Dawang Peak which is plump in the upper part and slim in the lower part shows its figure in the clouds. The legend between the Dawang Peak and Yunu Peak has a long history, yet they are so near and yet so far and could never be together for generations.
An important factor for the inclusion of Mount Wuyi in the World Cultural Heritage is the tea culture represented by “Da Hong Pao”. Reputed as “king of tea”, Da Hong Pao is the treasure and representation of the Wuyi Rock Tea. Da Hong Pao belongs to oolong tea. Derived from the same origin to green tea and black tea in production technology and after constant innovation and development, Da Hong Pao has formed its unique production process of superb technique. There are many stories related to Da Hong Pao. To cut a long story short, a poor scholar had cured abdominal distension by drinking this kind of tea. Later, he made a rapid advance in his study and became the number one scholar of the country. When he returned to his hometown in full glory, he paid the tea as a tribute to the emperor and the emperor bestowed him a red robe, reading Hong Pao in Chinese. He covered the red robe on the tea tree. Since then, “Da Hong Pao” has become the most precious tea which could only be heard but hardly be tasted.
