點藍色字關注“國際城市發(fā)展智庫”

“古城麗江把經濟和戰(zhàn)略重地與崎嶇的地勢巧妙地融合在一起，真實、完美地保存和再現了古樸的歲月。古城的建筑歷經無數朝代的洗禮，飽經滄桑，它融會了各個民族的文化特色而聲名遠揚。麗江還擁古老的供水系統(tǒng)，這一系統(tǒng)縱橫交錯、精巧獨特，至今仍在有效地發(fā)揮著作用?！边@是1997年聯合國教科文組織將麗江古城列入世界文化遺產時對其作出的評價。

坐落在云南省麗江納西族自治縣的麗江古城，海拔達2400多米，歷史悠久且古樸自然，包括大研、束和和白沙等保存完好的古鎮(zhèn)，其中的大研鎮(zhèn)是麗江古城最杰出的代表。大研始建于宋末元初，位于麗江壩中部，面積3.8平方公里，人口約2.5萬人，絕大部分為納西族，至今仍有許多從事著傳統(tǒng)的手工和商業(yè)活動。因為麗江的世襲統(tǒng)治土司姓木，如若筑城墻將會形成一個“困”字，所以大研鎮(zhèn)成了一座沒有城墻的古城。古城布局錯落有致、因地制宜，“城依水存、水隨城在”、“家家泉水、戶戶垂柳”，兼具山城與水鄉(xiāng)的風貌。

麗江古城的民居多有著百年以上的歷史，以漢、白、彝、藏等各民族特點相互融合，形成“三坊一照壁、四合五天井”的納西布局，是中國民居不可多得的重要遺產。每個古城的中心位置都有著一座方形的街市，四周圍以整齊商鋪，名為“四方街”，這是古城各路交通的交會點。從這里延伸出去的街巷均由五花石板鋪地，光潔又富有歷史感。

白沙壁畫主要分布在白沙鎮(zhèn)的宗教建筑群內，這里也是木氏土司家族的發(fā)祥地。白沙壁畫作為東巴文化的傳統(tǒng)精華，將宗教文化與民族藝術相融合，色彩繽紛，筆法洗煉，線條均勻，題材廣泛有著獨樹一幟的特點。

納西古樂源于漢族的洞經音樂和皇經音樂，不僅單指納西族古樂，還融合了傳承自唐宋、成熟于明代的中國古典音樂，更有傳自西域、波斯的胡樂。整個樂曲分為“神州”和“華通”兩個大調，并分為五十多個小調，在典雅的絲竹樂風中，增添了粗獷雄渾的納西民族色彩，被譽為“活的音樂博物館”。

【全文翻譯】

As UNESCO describes the town when designating it as a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site in 1997, “The Old Town of Lijiang, which is perfectly adapted to the uneven topography of this key commercial and strategic site, has retained a historic townscape of high quality and authenticity. Its architecture is noteworthy for the blending of elements from several cultures that have come together over many centuries. Lijiang also possesses an ancient water-supply system of great complexity and ingenuity that still functions effectively today.”

Located in the Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County, Yunnan province, with an elevation of more than 2,400 meters, the Old Town of Lijiang, boasting a long history, simple and natural style and well-preserved ancient architectures, consists of several old towns, such as Dayan, Shuhe and Baisha, among which Dayan is the best representative of Old Town of Lijiang. Built in the late Song Dynasty and the early Yuan Dynasty, Dayan is situated at the center of Lijiang Plain, covering an area of 3.8 km2. Its population is approximately 25 thousand in total, and the vast majority of its inhabitants are Naxi people, many of whom are still engaged in traditional handicraft and commercial activities. Dayan is an old town without walls, as the hereditary headmen of Lijiang surnamed Mu (Chinese character is “木”) considered it as ominous if the “木” is enclosed by “口” formed by walls, which means being stuck in difficulty or danger. The old town enjoys a well-arranged layout that perfectly adapted to the uneven topography, demonstrating a landscape incorporating features of mountains and streams, as it is described “a town entangled with waters” and “every house enjoys clear spring and weeping willows”.

With a history of over a century, most dwellings in the Old Town of Lijiang incorporate elements from several cultures, such as Han, Bai, Yi and xizangan, forming a Naxi layout of “quadrangle courtyard with three buildings and a screen wall on the four sides and five patios in the center”, an ingenious key legacy for Chinese folk residence architecture. In the center of each old town stands a square market surrounded by tidy shops. It is called “Square Market”, where all the other streets in the old town meet. Streets and lanes stretching from here are paved with colored slates, smooth and full of sense of history.

Baisha Murals are kept and displayed in religious buildings in Baisha village, which is also the birthplace of the hereditary headmen, Mu’s family. As the essence of traditional Dongba culture, Baisha Murals blend religious culture with ethnic arts, demonstrating a style of its own featured by rich colors, concise brushwork, even lines and wide-ranging themes.

Deriving from Dongjing music and Huangjing music of Han people, Naxi ancient music not only includes the ancient music of Naxi nationality, but incorporates Chinese classic music that emerged in Tang and Song dynasties and became mature in Ming dynasty, as well as Hu music from Western Regions and Persia. With two majors (Shenzhou and Huatong) and over fifty minors, Naxi ancient music adds bold and vigorous national characteristics into the elegant string and bamboo flute music, therefore it is honored as a “l(fā)iving music museum”.