教學(xué)反思——如何培養(yǎng)提升閱讀微技能

《普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》（2017年版）P36，表10 普通高中英語(yǔ)課程語(yǔ)言技能內(nèi)容要求第6：辨認(rèn)關(guān)鍵字詞和概念以迅速查找目標(biāo)信息。

這是一個(gè)閱讀微技能的培養(yǎng)要求。

如何在課堂操作中不斷練習(xí)并強(qiáng)化這個(gè)技能，讓學(xué)生在完成閱讀理解題目的時(shí)候能夠快速定位、提取信息，并能形成信息鏈，通過(guò)思維運(yùn)作，找到準(zhǔn)確選項(xiàng)，是高考閱讀理解中重點(diǎn)考查的一項(xiàng)內(nèi)容。

本人在Reader’s Digest上找到了一篇難度、長(zhǎng)度都適中的一篇健康類文章，進(jìn)行教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)，針對(duì)學(xué)生閱讀微技能：辨認(rèn)關(guān)鍵詞和概念以迅速查找目標(biāo)信息的培養(yǎng)和提升。

該篇文章通過(guò)引用大量研究成果，來(lái)說(shuō)明鍛煉對(duì)人身心健康兩方面的幫助。其中提到鍛煉能夠改善情緒，因而利于精神健康。

關(guān)鍵詞：better mood，關(guān)鍵概念：psychological benefit；目標(biāo)信息：endorphins are released with exercise, leading to a better mood

為此，設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)練習(xí)：Exercise can improve your mood because_________________

學(xué)生要在快速掃描課文中，辨認(rèn)關(guān)鍵字詞和概念，迅速查找目標(biāo)信息，才能夠準(zhǔn)確完成這道練習(xí)，并學(xué)會(huì)這個(gè)閱讀策略。

從實(shí)際操作看，學(xué)生們能夠迅速抓住關(guān)鍵詞，mood，通過(guò)上下文，進(jìn)行語(yǔ)義轉(zhuǎn)換，staying active =doing exercise，從而把問(wèn)題和文本聯(lián)系起來(lái)進(jìn)行思維，突破endorphins的障礙，鎖定目標(biāo)信息。

但也有部分同學(xué)劃住了下文的a brighter mood…這一句，但這句的作用是承上啟下，并不提供練習(xí)題目中所需要的信息。也有部分同學(xué)為能夠抓住關(guān)鍵概念psychological benefit因而未能準(zhǔn)確鎖定信息。說(shuō)明在這項(xiàng)技能的運(yùn)用方面還需要進(jìn)一步的練習(xí)提升。

閱讀微技能的培養(yǎng)和提升，對(duì)學(xué)生在解答高考閱讀理解題目中有十分重要的幫助作用，同時(shí)對(duì)學(xué)生今后的閱讀，也將會(huì)產(chǎn)生持久的影響。

這篇文章的論述方式，并不復(fù)雜，基本采用了引用各項(xiàng)研究成果的方式，即use expertise的方式。但如果學(xué)生能夠整體把握作者的論述方式，將使閱讀難度大大降低，為此，筆者也設(shè)計(jì)了由點(diǎn)到面對(duì)閱讀練習(xí)，先觀察第二段的論述，并說(shuō)出它的論述方式，然后閱讀全篇，找出他們的共同之處。學(xué)生很快學(xué)會(huì)了判斷文章的論述方式，能夠“識(shí)別語(yǔ)篇中的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)和相應(yīng)的支撐論據(jù)”（《普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》（2017年版））。

這種一點(diǎn)一滴的培養(yǎng)和訓(xùn)練能夠集腋成裘，最終形成學(xué)生強(qiáng)大的思維能力，拿到一篇文章，能夠從整體上進(jìn)行把握，看到題目，也能夠迅速知道應(yīng)該使用什么技能和策略來(lái)完成文后的問(wèn)題。

通過(guò)這種化繁為簡(jiǎn)、化難為易的方式，學(xué)生面對(duì)外刊文章不再膽怯，通過(guò)使用多種閱讀技能和閱讀策略，化解問(wèn)題，找到所需信息，完成閱讀理解任務(wù)。

附上選文：

This Is the Least Amount of Exercise You Need to Live Longer

Exercise benefits, such as lowering cholesterol or boosting your mood, aren’t anything you haven’t heard of before. But if you need even more workout motivation, knowing that just a few minutes of exercise a day could help you live a longer life.

According to research published in The Lancet, 15 minutes of exercise a day can boost life expectancy by three years—and cut the risk of death from common causes like heart disease and cancer by 14 percent. That said, additional studies have found other amounts of physical activity could add years to your life too. Even 75 minutes of moderate exercise or walking per week improved life expectancy by 1.8 years, as well as 300 minutes by 3.4 years, and 500 minutes by 4.5 years, per published research. Alexis Halpern, MD, an emergency medicine physician at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, notes, however, that even more studies are necessary since there is no definitive science giving an exact number.

Although there might not be a magical amount of exercise for a longer life, other studies have found that exercise also reduces your risk for certain diseases, Carolyn Dean, MD, ND, a Medical Advisory Board member at the Nutritional Magnesium Association says. “One study found that only two-and-a-half hours of brisk walking a week cut the risk of diabetes by 30 percent,” Dr. Dean says. Similarly, some studies have found that exercise can lower blood pressure, reduce the risk of stroke, ward off Alzheimer’s disease, and even reduce the risk of some cancers, according to Dr. Dean. Plus, staying active has psychological benefits since endorphins are released with exercise, leading to a better mood, research shows.

A brighter mood is just one of the benefits both men and women can experience from extra exercise. According to Bert R. Mandelbaum, M.D, author of The Win Within: Capturing Your Victorious Spirit, however, women are outliving men by about four years—and the gap was previously wider. There are so many factors that impact life expectancy, so it is unclear if exercise makes a bigger difference in men versus women. Some evidence, according to Dr. Halpern, shows that low to moderate levels of exercise like walking help prevent cardiovascular disease and diabetes more in women than men. Here are the common conditions that affect men and women differently.

Gender aside, if you are looking to add more physical activity to your life remember that something is better than nothing when it comes to exercise, Dr. Dean says. Although, some workouts could be better life-boosters than others. For example, one study found the top exercises for longevity were tennis or racquetball, swimming, and aerobics(有氧健身法), according to Dr. Dean. “Among the people who did 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous activity each week, people who played racquet sports had a 47 percent lower risk of dying during the nine-year study than people who didn’t exercise,” she says. Walking, swimming, Tai chi, and strength training are all excellent exercise options too, according to Dr. Halpern and Yasmine S. Ali, MD, an Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine, at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine.

All-in-all, the best workout is simply the one you consistently enjoy the most. Because, as Dr. Halpern says, “If you don’t like it, you won’t do it.”