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      一文總結(jié),糖尿病易誘發(fā)的12種并發(fā)癥!

       caimin133 2022-02-13

      作者:朱益麗、于一江

      單位:淮安市中醫(yī)院(淮安市糖尿病醫(yī)院)

      來(lái)源:醫(yī)學(xué)界內(nèi)分泌頻道

      糖尿病作為一種慢性代謝性疾病,通常不會(huì)在患者身上獨(dú)立存在,而常與其他諸多非健康狀態(tài)或疾病并存,在這個(gè)“數(shù)病齊發(fā)”的過(guò)程中糖尿病往往扮演著“助攻手”的角色,今天就讓我們展開(kāi)一次大盤(pán)點(diǎn),細(xì)數(shù)糖尿病都會(huì)給我們帶來(lái)怎樣的疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)……

       

      眼疾


      糖尿病是白內(nèi)障的危險(xiǎn)因素[1],年齡與白內(nèi)障密切相關(guān),在老年人中白內(nèi)障是最主要的致盲原因[2]。

      圖片


      糖尿病患者的青光眼風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較非糖尿病更高[3]。

      干眼癥是最常見(jiàn)的眼部疾病[4],糖尿病與干眼癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著相關(guān)[5]

      口腔疾病


      糖尿病患者口腔疾病的患病率、病程和嚴(yán)重程度均較非糖尿病人群明顯增加[6]。牙周炎是糖尿病的常見(jiàn)伴發(fā)疾病之一,糖尿病是牙周炎的重要危險(xiǎn)因素,糖尿病患者與非糖尿病人群相比,牙周炎的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加近3倍。

       

      腎病


      糖尿病腎臟病變是我國(guó)慢性腎臟病的主要原因[7]


      神經(jīng)病變

      糖尿病神經(jīng)病變是糖尿病常見(jiàn)的慢性并發(fā)癥之一,是一組具有多種臨床表現(xiàn)的異質(zhì)性疾病,病變可累及中樞神經(jīng)和周?chē)窠?jīng)。

      遠(yuǎn)端對(duì)稱(chēng)性多發(fā)性神經(jīng)病變:是最常見(jiàn)的糖尿病周?chē)窠?jīng)病變,約占糖尿病神經(jīng)病變的 75%,是糖尿病足潰瘍的重要危險(xiǎn)因素,也是跌倒及骨折的重要原因[8]。

       

      骨折


      糖尿病患者的骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯超過(guò)非糖尿病人群[9]。


      精神疾病


      老年糖尿病患者發(fā)生抑郁的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高于非糖尿病的老年人[10]。

       

      腫瘤


      糖尿病患者腫瘤風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,包括肝細(xì)胞癌、肝膽管癌、胰腺癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、子宮內(nèi)膜癌和胃腸道惡性腫瘤等多種癌癥[11]。

       

      心腦血管疾病


      心血管疾病:糖尿病病人比正常人更容易產(chǎn)生動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化,而且發(fā)展迅速,從而導(dǎo)致冠心病、腦血管意外等。在T1DM患者中冠心病(CHD)、心肌梗死、心力衰竭、房顫的患病率明顯升高[12]。


      心臟自主神經(jīng)病變:血糖變異性大的糖尿病患者更有可能出現(xiàn)心臟自主神經(jīng)病變[13]。


      腦血管疾病:糖尿病是中風(fēng)最重要的危險(xiǎn)因素之一。單獨(dú)患有2型糖尿病(T2DM)會(huì)使中風(fēng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加1.5到4倍;T2DM和較高的HbA1c水平與任何缺血性中風(fēng),大動(dòng)脈中風(fēng)和小血管中風(fēng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高相關(guān)[14]。

      糖尿病患者下肢動(dòng)脈病變通常是指下肢動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性病變(lower extremity atherosclerotic disease,LEAD)。中國(guó)DIALEAD研究顯示,我國(guó)50歲以上T2DM中LEAD的總患病率為21.2%,且患病率隨著年齡、糖尿病病程增加而升高[15]。在患LEAD的T2DM患者中,心肌梗死、腦卒中、冠心病導(dǎo)致的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均增加[16]。

       

      感染


      糖尿病足是指糖尿病患者因下肢遠(yuǎn)端神經(jīng)病變和血管病變導(dǎo)致的足部感染、潰瘍,甚至深層組織破壞,是糖尿病嚴(yán)重的慢性并發(fā)癥之一,嚴(yán)重者可以導(dǎo)致截肢和死亡。我國(guó)糖尿病足患者的總截肢率為19.03%[17]

      感染:糖尿病與多種感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加有關(guān),包括:皮膚和軟組織感染、呼吸道感染、泌尿生殖道感染、血液感染、頭頸部感染、胃腸道感染、骨感染等[18]

        

      肝膽疾病


      肝臟疾?。?/span>與非糖尿病患者相比,糖尿病患者肝脂肪變性的概率更高,與其內(nèi)臟脂肪組織(VAT)面積相關(guān)[19];此外,非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)可以進(jìn)展為晚期纖維化,尤其是在2型糖尿病患者中[20]。

      膽囊結(jié)石:與沒(méi)有糖尿病的患者相比,患有2型糖尿病的患者發(fā)生膽囊結(jié)石的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加[21]。

        

      十一

      血液疾病


      貧血:貧血是糖尿病成年患者中的中度公共衛(wèi)生問(wèn)題,性別、糖尿病持續(xù)時(shí)間、糖尿病并發(fā)癥的存在和糖尿病合并癥被確定為與貧血相關(guān)的因素。其中,貧血的發(fā)生在女性比男性糖尿病患者更多;糖尿病≥5年的患者比糖尿病病程為1-5年的患者更容易發(fā)生貧血;有合并癥的糖尿病患者比沒(méi)有合并癥的糖尿病患者更容易貧血[22]

        

      十二

      其他


      甲狀腺疾?。?/span>糖尿病患者的甲狀腺疾病患病率是非糖尿病患者的2-3倍[23];特別是自身免疫性甲狀腺炎[24]。

      電解質(zhì)紊亂:糖尿病患者發(fā)生酮癥酸中毒時(shí),出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重電解質(zhì)紊亂,其血清鉀、鈉、磷、鎂含量和有效滲透壓明顯升高[25]。

      癡呆:2型糖尿病輕度認(rèn)知障礙患者較非糖尿病患者更易轉(zhuǎn)化為癡呆,2型糖尿病是輕度認(rèn)知障礙患者癡呆轉(zhuǎn)化的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[26]。

      還有很多疾病都因糖尿病而導(dǎo)致患病率上升,或者因糖尿病而加重。所以我們?cè)谂R床工作中必須注意糖尿病的防治。

      參考文獻(xiàn):

      [1]Drinkwater JJ, Davis WA, Davis T. A systematic review of risk factors for cataract in type 2 diabetes[J]. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 2019, 35(1): e3073. DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3073.

      [2]GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators, Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study. Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study[J]. Lancet Glob Health, 2020, S2214109X(20)304897. DOI: 10.1016/S2214109X(20)304897.

      [3]Song BJ, Aiello LP, Pasquale LR. Presence and risk factors for glaucoma in patients with diabetes[J]. Curr Diab Rep, 2016, 16(12):124.

      [4]Song P, Xia W, Wang M, et al. Variations of dry eye disease prevalence by age, sex and geographic characteristics in China: a systematic review and metaanalysis[J]. J Glob Health, 2018, 8(2):020503. DOI: 10.7189/jogh.08.020503.

      [5]Yoo TK, Oh E. Diabetes mellitus is associated with dry eye syndrome: a metaanalysis[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2019, 39(11):26112620. DOI: 10.1007/s1079201901110y

      [6]Wu CZ, Yuan YH, Liu HH, et al. Epidemiologic relationship between periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus[J]. BMC Oral Health, 2020, 20(1): 204. DOI: 10.1186/ s1290302001180w.

      [7]Zhang L, Long J, Jiang W, et al. Trends in chronic kidney disease in China[J]. N Engl J Med, 2016, 375(9):905906. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc1602469.

      [8]PopBusui R, Boulton AJ, Feldman EL, et al. Diabetic neuropathy: a position statement by the American Diabetes Association[J]. Diabetes Care, 2017, 40(1): 136154. DOI:10.2337/dc162042.

      [9]Gilbert MP, Pratley RE. The impact of diabetes and diabetes medications on bone health[J]. Endocr Rev, 2015, 36(2):194213. DOI: 10.1210/er.20121042.

      [10]Maraldi C, Volpato S, Penninx BW, et al. Diabetes mellitus, glycemic control, and incident depressive symptoms among 70to 79yearold persons: the health, aging, and body composition study[J]. Arch Intern Med, 2007, 167(11):11371144.

      [11] Sacerdote C, Ricceri F. Epidemiological dimensions of the association between type 2 diabetes and cancer: a review of observational studies[J]. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2018, 143:369377. DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.03.002.

      [12]Xingming Cai, Jiayong Li, Wenting Cai, et al.Meta-analysis of type 1 diabetes mellitus and risk of cardiovascular disease. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications. 2021, 45(4),107833.

      [13]Nyiraty S, Pesei F, Orosz A, et al. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and glucose ariability in patients with type 1 diabetes: is there an association? [J]. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2018, 9: 174. DOI: 10.3389/ fendo.2018.00174.

      [14]Marios K Georgakis, Eric L Harshfield, et al. Diabetes Mellitus, Glycemic Traits, and Cerebrovascular Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study.Neurology. 2021,96(13): e1732- e1742.

      [15] Zhang X, Ran X, Xu Z, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of lower extremity arterial disease in Chinese diabetes patients at high risk: a prospective, multicenter, crosssectional study[J]. J Diabetes Complications, 2018, 32(2):150156. DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2017.10.003.

      [16] Criqui MH, Langer RD, Fronek A, et al. Mortality over a period of 10 years in patients with peripheral arterial disease[J]. N Engl J Med, 1992, 326(6):381386.

      [17] Jiang Y, Ran X, Jia L, et al. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetic foot problems and predictive factors for amputation in China[J]. Int J Low Extrem Wounds, 2015, 14(1): 1927. DOI: 10.1177/1534734614564867.

      [18]Abu-Ashour W, Twells L, Valcour J, et al. The association between diabetes mellitus and incident infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2017,5:e000336.

      [19]Sohrab Nobarani, Fariba Alaei-Shahmiri, Rokhsareh Aghili, et al. Visceral Adipose Tissue and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.Dig Dis Sci. 2021 Mar 31. doi: 10.1007/s10620-021-06953-z.

      [20]Nabil Noureddin, Mazen Noureddin, Amandeep Singh, Naim Alkhouri.Progression of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Associated Fibrosis in a Large Cohort of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.Dig Dis Sci. 2021 Mar 29. doi: 10.1007/s10620-021-06955-x.

      [21]Chien-Hua Che,Cheng-Li Lin, Chung-Y. Hsu, Chia-Hung Kao. Association Between Type I and II Diabetes With Gallbladder Stone Disease.Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018; 9: 720.

      [22]Teshome Tujuba, Behailu Hawulte Ayele, Sagni Girma Fage, Fitsum Weldegebreal .Anemia among Adult Diabetic Patients Attending a General Hospital in Eastern Ethiopia: a Cross-sectional Study.Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2021;14:467-476. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S289298.

      [23]K Vondra, J Vrbikova, K Dvorakova.Thyroid gland diseases in adult patients with diabetes mellitus.Minerva Endocrinol. 2005 Dec;30(4):217-36.

      [24]Z Schroner, I Lazurova, J Petrovicova.Autoimmune thyroid diseases in patients with diabetes mellitus.Bratisl Lek Listy. 2008;109(3):125-9.

      [25]Dongyun Su, Jing Li, Manli Guo, et al. Clinical Analysis of Electrolyte Disorders in Patients with Diabetic Ketoacidosis.Clin Lab. 2021 Jan 1;67(1). doi: 10.7754/Clin.Lab.2020.200309.

      [26]Andreea Ciudin,Ana Espinosa, et al.Type 2 diabetes is an independent risk factor for dementia conversion in patients with mild cognitive impairment.J Diabetes Complications. 2017 Aug;31(8):1272-1274.

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