1.FINA, the world governing body for swimming, has voted to effectively ban transgender women from participating in women's swimming competitions.

世界游泳管理機構(gòu)國際泳聯(lián)(FINA)投票決定，堅決禁止跨性別女性參加女子游泳比賽。

2.The vote — with 71.5% approval at the FINA Extraordinary General Congress 2022 in Budapest — was the latest salvo in an ongoing fight over whether trans athletes should compete according to their gender identity or their sex assigned at birth.

在布達佩斯舉行的2022年國際泳聯(lián)特別大會上，有71.5%的人通過了這項投票，這是關于跨性別運動員是否應該根據(jù)自己的性別認同或出生時的性別進行比賽的最新爭論。

3."We have to protect the rights of our athletes to compete, but we also have to protect competitive fairness at our events, especially the women's category at FINA competitions," FINA's president, Husain Al-Musallam, said in a statement.

國際泳聯(lián)主席侯賽因·穆薩拉姆在一份聲明中說，“我們必須保護運動員的參賽權(quán)利，但我們也必須保護我們項目的競爭公平，尤其是國際泳聯(lián)的女子項目?！?/p>

4.Under the policy, transgender women must show that "they have not experienced any part of male puberty beyond Tanner Stage 2 or before age 12, whichever is later," a move that effectively eliminates their eligibility to compete in the women's category. 

根據(jù)這項政策，跨性別女性必須證明“她們在唐納分期階段2之后或12歲之前(以較晚者為準)沒有經(jīng)歷過男性青春期的任何階段”，這一舉動實際上取消了她們參加女性組別競爭的資格。

5.Tanner Stages describe the physical changes people undergo during puberty.

唐納分期描述的是人們在青春期所經(jīng)歷的生理變化。

6.FINA said it was necessary to use sex and sex-linked traits to determine eligibility criteria because of the "performance gap" that appears between males and females during puberty.

國際泳聯(lián)表示，有必要根據(jù)性別和與性別相關的特征來確定參賽標準，因為在青春期，男性和女性之間會出現(xiàn)“成績差距”。

7."Without eligibility standards based on biological sex or sex-linked traits, we are very unlikely to see biological females in finals, on podiums, or in championship positions; and in sports and events involving collisions and projectiles, biological female athletes would be at greater risk of injury," the policy reads.

“如果沒有基于生理性別或性別相關特征的資格標準，我們就不太可能在決賽、領獎臺或冠軍位置上看到生理上的女性;在涉及碰撞和投擲物的運動和項目中，生理上的女性運動員受傷的風險也更大?！?/p>

8.The group said it devised the policy in consultation with athletic, scientific and legal experts.

該組織表示，他們在制定這項政策時咨詢了體育、科學和法律專家。

9.The announcement was met with swift criticism from some transgender advocacy groups.

這一聲明很快遭到了一些跨性別倡導團體的批評。

10.Anne Lieberman, director of policy and programs at Athlete Ally, an organization that advocates for LGBTQI+ equality in sports, called the policy "discriminatory, harmful, unscientific" and contrary to International Olympic Committee guidance.

倡導LGBTQI+在體育運動中平等地位的組織“運動員聯(lián)盟”(Athlete Ally)的政策和項目主管安妮·利伯曼(Anne Lieberman)稱，這項政策是“歧視性的、有害的、不科學的”，違反了國際奧委會的指導方針。

11."The eligibility criteria for the women's category as it is laid out in the policy police the bodies of all women, and will not be enforceable without seriously violating the privacy and human rights of any athlete looking to compete in the women's category," Lieberman said.

利伯曼說:“女子組的資格標準在政策中是針對所有女性的，在不嚴重侵犯任何希望參加女子組比賽的運動員的隱私和人權(quán)的情況下是無法執(zhí)行的?！?/p>

12.The Human Rights Campaign said the decision was a "blatant attack on transgender athletes who have worked to comply with longstanding policies that have allowed them to participate for years without issue."

人權(quán)運動組織表示，這一決定是“對跨性別運動員的公然攻擊，這些運動員多年來一直努力遵守允許他們毫無問題地參加比賽的長期政策?！?/p>

13.Last year, the International Olympic Committee released new guidance allowing individual sports to set guidelines and moving away from eligibility based on testosterone levels.

去年，國際奧委會發(fā)布了新的指導意見，允許單個運動項目制定指導方針，并不再以睪丸激素水平為評判標準。

14.A debate over fairness and inclusion in swimming and other sports has been ongoing after a record-breaking season from swimmer Lia Thomas. 

在游泳運動員利亞·托馬斯創(chuàng)造了一個破紀錄成績的賽季后，關于游泳和其他運動的公平性和包容性的辯論一直在進行。

15.The transgender University of Pennsylvania swimmer has been accused of having an unfair advantage competing in the women's category.

這位賓夕法尼亞大學的跨性別游泳運動員被指控在女子游泳比賽中擁有不公平的優(yōu)勢。

16.A number of Republican governors in states including South Carolina, Oklahoma and Arizona have recently signed laws requiring transgender athletes in public schools to compete according to the sex listed on their birth certificates.

包括南卡羅來納州、俄克拉荷馬州和亞利桑那州在內(nèi)的一些州的共和黨州長最近簽署了法律，要求公立學校的跨性別運動員按照出生證明上列出的性別參加比賽。

17.FINA said it may also develop an "open" category in future swimming competitions for people who don't meet the criteria for either the men's or women's events.

國際泳聯(lián)表示，它還可能在未來的游泳比賽中為那些既不符合男子項目標準也不符合女子項目標準的人設立一個“開放”類別。

18."FINA will always welcome every athlete. The creation of an open category will mean that everybody has the opportunity to compete at an elite level," Al-Musallam added.

“國際泳聯(lián)永遠歡迎每一位運動員。設立開放的比賽類別將意味著每個人都有機會在精英水平上競爭?！卑瑺枴つ律忱费a充道。

19.A spokesperson for Al-Musallam told The Associated Press there are currently no transgender women in levels of elite swimming competition.

穆薩拉姆的發(fā)言人對美聯(lián)社表示，目前還沒有跨性別女性參加精英游泳比賽。

20.The new policy takes effect on Monday.

新政策將于周一生效。

問題

文中提到了哪一位變性運動員？

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