11 用于現在完成時的句型
1)It is the first / second time.... that…結構中的從句部分,用現在完成時。例如: It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次訪問這城市。 This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽他唱歌。 注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2)This is +形容詞最高級+that…結構,that 從句要用現在完成時。例如: This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。 典型例題 ?。?) ---Do you know our town at all? ---No, this is the first time I ___ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應為現在完成時,故選B。 ?。?) ---Have you ____ been to our town before? ---No, it's the first time I ___ here. A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意為曾經或無論何時,反意詞為never,此兩詞常用于完成時。 注意:非延續(xù)性動詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時間的狀語連用。即動作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。 ?。ㄥe)I have received his letter for a month. ?。▽Γ㊣ haven't received his letter for almost a month. 11.12 比較since和for Since 用來說明動作起始時間,for用來說明動作延續(xù)時間長度。例如: I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在這兒二十多年了。 I have lived here since I was born. 我從出生起就住在這兒了。 注意:并非有for 作為時間狀語的句子都用現在完成時。 I worked here for more than twenty years. (我現在已不在這里工作。) I have worked here for many years.(現在我仍在這里工作。) 注意:用句型轉換的方法,很容易排除非延續(xù)動詞在有for/since結構的完成時中的誤用。 1)(對) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2)(錯) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 顯然,第二句不對,它應改為 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. 11.13 since的四種用法 1) since +過去一個時間點(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點、1980, last month, half past six)。例如: I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在這兒。 2) since +一段時間+ ago。例如: I have been here since five months ago. 我在這兒,已經有五個月了。 3) since +從句。例如: Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后,變化可大了。 Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我們走后,變化可大了。 4) It is +一段時間+ since從句。例如: It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有兩年了。 11.14 延續(xù)動詞與瞬間動詞 1) 用于完成時的區(qū)別 延續(xù)動詞表示經驗、經歷; 瞬間動詞表示行為的結果,不能與表示段的時間狀語連用。例如: He has completed the work. 他已完成了那項工作。 (表結果) I've known him since then. 我從那時起就認識他了。(表經歷) 2) 用于till / until從句的差異 延續(xù)動詞用于肯定句,表示"做……直到……" 瞬間動詞用于否定句,表示"到……,才……"。例如: He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 點才回來。 He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10點。 典型例題 1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet 答案B. 首先本題后句強調對現在的影響,我知道她的模樣,你不用描述。再次,several times告知為反復發(fā)生的動作,因此用現在完成時。 2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting. ---Oh, not at all. I ___here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 答案A. 等待的動作由過去開始,持續(xù)到現在,應用現在完成時。 1) 構成will have done 2) 概念 a. 狀態(tài)完成:表示某事繼續(xù)到將來某一時為止一直有的狀態(tài)。例如: They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那時他們結婚將有二十年了。 b. 動作完成:表示將來某一時或另一個將來的動作之前,已經完成的動作或獲得的經驗。例如: You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此時,你已經到達上海了。 11.18 現在進行時 現在進行時的基本用法: a. 表示現在(指說話人說話時)正在發(fā)生的事情。例如: We are waiting for you. 我們正在等你。 b. 習慣進行:表示長期的或重復性的動作,說話時動作未必正在進行。例如: Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在寫另一部小說。(說話時并未在寫,只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。) c. 表示漸變,這樣的動詞有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如: The leaves are turning red. 葉子在變紅。 It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越來越熱了。 d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用,表示反復發(fā)生的動作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài),往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。例如: You are always changing your mind. 你老是改變主意。 典型例題 My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it. A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found. 答案D. 前句是一個仍在持續(xù)的狀態(tài),應用進行時,由于沒有找到,其影響仍然存在,應用完成時,瞬間動詞用于否定式時可用于完成時。 11.19 不用進行時的動詞 1)表示事實狀態(tài)的動詞,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如:I have two brothers. 我有兩兄弟。 This house belongs to my sister. 這房子是我姐的。 2)表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如:I need your help. 我需要你的幫助。 He loves her very much. 他愛她很深。 3)瞬間動詞,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如: I accept your advice. 我接受你的勸告。 4)系動詞,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如: You seem a little tired. 你看上去有點累。 11.20 過去進行時 1)概念:表示過去某時正在進行的狀態(tài)或動作。 2)過去進行時的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景;一個長動作延續(xù)的時候,另一個短動作發(fā)生。 3) 常用的時間狀語有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如: My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟騎車時摔了下來,受了傷。 It was raining when they left the station. 他們離開車站時,正下著雨。 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到達山頂時,陽光燦爛。 典型例題 1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes 答案C. 割傷手指是已發(fā)生的事情,應用過去時。同時,when表時間的同時性,"瑪麗在做衣服時"提供事情發(fā)生的背景,因此用過去進行時。 2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep. A. read;was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read;fell 答案B.句中的as = when, while,意為"當……之時"。描述一件事發(fā)生的背景時,用過去進行;一個長動作發(fā)生的時候,另一個短動作發(fā)生。句意為 "在她看報紙時,奶奶睡著了。"句中的 fell(fall的過去時),是系動詞,后跟形容詞,如:fall sick。 1)人稱代詞的主格在句子中作主語或主語補語,例如: John waited a while but eventually he went home. 約翰等了一會兒,最后他回家了。 3.2 人稱代詞之主、賓格的替換 1) 賓格代替主格 a.在簡短對話中,當人稱代詞單獨使用或在not 后,多用賓語。 ---- I like English. --我喜歡英語。 ---- Me too. --我也喜歡。 ---- Have more wine? --再來點酒喝嗎? ---- Not me. --我可不要了。 b.在表示比較的非正式的文體中,常用賓格代替主格。 但如果比較狀語的謂語保留,則主語只能用主格。 He is taller than I/me. He is taller than I am. 2) 主格代替賓格 a. 在介詞but,except 后,有時可用主格代替賓格。 b. 在電話用語中常用主格。 ---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和瑪麗通話。 ---- This is she. --我就是瑪麗。 注意:在動詞be 或to be 后的人稱代詞視其前面的名詞或代詞而定。 I thought it was she. 我以為是她?! ?主格----主格) I thought it to be her. (賓格----賓格) I was taken to be she. 我被當成了她?! ?主格----主格) They took me to be her. 他們把我當成了她?! ?(賓格----賓格) 3.3 代詞的指代問題 1)不定代詞 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone, someone, everyone,no one, 及whoever和person在正式場合使用時,可用he, his, him代替。 Nobody came, did he? 誰也沒來,是嗎? 2)動物名詞的指代一般用it或they代替,有時也用he, she,帶有親切的感情色彩。 Give the cat some food. She is hungry. 給這貓一些吃的。她餓了。 3)指代車或國家,船舶的名詞,含感情色彩時常用she。 3.4 并列人稱代詞的排列順序 1) 單數人稱代詞并列作主語時,其順序為: 第二人稱 -> 第三人稱 -> 第一人稱 you -> he/she; it -> I You, he and I should return on time. 2) 復數人稱代詞作主語時,其順序為: 第一人稱 -> 第二人稱 -> 第三人稱 we -> you -> They 注意: 在下列情況中,第一人稱放在前面。 a. 在承認錯誤,承擔責任時, It was I and John that made her angry. 是我和約翰惹她生氣了。 b. 在長輩對晚輩,長官對下屬說話時,如長官為第一人稱, 如:I and you try to finish it. c. 并列主語只有第一人稱和第三人稱時, d. 當其他人稱代詞或名詞被定語從句修飾時。 物主代詞 1)物主代詞既有表示所屬的作用又有指代作用,例如: John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk. 約翰割破了手指,顯而易見,他桌子上有個破玻璃杯。 物主代詞有形容詞性(my, your等)和名詞性(mine, yours等)兩種,形容詞性的物主代詞屬于限定詞。 名詞性的物主代詞在用法上相當于省略了中心名詞的 --'s屬格結構,例如: Jack's cap 意為 The cap is Jack's. His cap 意為 The cap is his. 在復合句中,如果主句和從句主語相同,代詞主語要用在從句中,名詞主語用在主句中,例如: When he arrived, John went straight to the bank. 約翰一到就直接去銀行了。 雙重所有格 物主代詞不可與 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等詞一起前置,修飾一個名詞,而必須用雙重所有格。 公式為: a, an, this, that +名詞+of +名詞性物主代詞。如: a friend of mine. each brother of his. 3.7 反身代詞 1) 列表 I you you she he myself yourself yourselves herself himself we they it one ourselves themselves itself oneself)做賓語 a. 有些動詞需有反身代詞 absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我們昨晚玩得很開心。 Please help yourself to some fish. 請你隨便吃點魚。 b. 用于及物動詞+賓語+介詞 take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth. I could not dress (myself) up at that time. 那個時候我不能打扮我自己。 注:有些動詞后不跟反身代詞, get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。 Please sit down. 請坐。 3) 作表語; 同位語 be oneself: I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。 The thing itself is not important. 事情本身并不重要。 4) 在不強調的情況下,but, except, for 等介詞后賓語用反身代詞或人稱代詞賓格均可。如: No one but myself (me) is hurt. 注意: a. 反身代詞本身不能單獨作主語。 (錯) Myself drove the car. (對) I myself drove the car. 我自己開車。 b. 但在and, or, nor連接的并列主語中,第二個主語可用反身代詞,特別是myself 作主語。 Charles and myself saw it. 5)第二人稱作賓語,要用反身代詞。 You should be proud of yourself. 你應為自己感到驕傲。 指示代詞 1) 指示代詞分單數(this / that)和復數(these / those)兩種形式,既可作限定詞又可做代詞,例如: 單數 復數 限定詞:This girl is Mary. Those men are my teachers. 代詞: This is Mary. Those are my teachers. 3.15 one/another/the other one… the other 只有兩個 some… the others 有三個以上 one… another,another… some… others,others… others = other people/things the others = the rest 剩余的全部 1) 泛指另一個用another。 2) 一定范圍內兩人(物),一個用one,另一個用the other。 3) 一定范圍內三者,一個用one,另一個用one (another),第三個可用the other,a third。 4) 一定范圍內,除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用the others。 5) 泛指別的人或物時,用others當在一定范圍內,除去一部分后,剩余部分但不是全部時,也用others。 |
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