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      實義動詞

       楊堯嘉 2011-01-15
      分類

      簡介

        實義動詞:及物動詞(帶賓語);不及物動詞(不帶賓語)。

      及物動詞

        后面必須跟賓語意義才完整的實義動詞,叫做及物動詞(transitive verb)。如:
        I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委員會將會考慮我們的建議。
        “How long can I keep the book ? ”Harry asked.哈里問:“這本書我可以借多久?”
        Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫給我們樹立了好榜樣。
        Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有許多有用的物質(zhì)。

      不及物動詞

        本身意義完整后面不須跟賓語的實義動詞,叫做不及物動詞(intransitive verb)。如:
        Birds fly.鳥會飛。
        It happened in June 1932.這件事發(fā)生于一九三二年六月。
        My watch stopped.我的表停了。
        She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的會上發(fā)了言。
        3)兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞 英語里有不少實義動詞可以兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞。這樣的動詞又有兩種不同的情況:
        a)兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞時,意義不變。試比較:
        Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻開始嗎?(begin作不及物動詞)
        She began working as a librarian after she left school.她畢業(yè)后當圖書館管理員。(began作及物動詞)
        When did they leave Chicago?他們是什么時候離開芝加哥的?(leave 作及物動詞)
        They left last week. 他們是上周離開的。(left 作不及物動詞)
        b)兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞時,有時意義不盡相同。如:
        Wash your hands before meals.飯前要洗手。
        Does this cloth wash well? 這布經(jīng)得起洗嗎?
        4) 與漢語的比較 有時英語動詞的及物和不及物的用法,與漢語的用法不一樣,請注意下列兩種情況:
        a)有的動詞在英語里只能用作不及物動詞,而漢語則可用作及物動詞,如arrive到達,agree同意,listen聽。英語里這些動詞后面常接介詞。如:
        We arrived at the railway station at noon.我們于中午到達火車站。(at不能省去)(比較:We reached the railway station at noon.)
        Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每個人都很有興趣地聽講課。(to不可省去)(比較:We all heard the lecture.)
        Do they agree to the plan?他們同意這個計劃嗎?(to不可省去)
        b)有的動詞在英語里能用作及物動詞,而在漢語里則不能用作及物動詞,如serve為…服務(wù)。
        Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我們的兒童被教以全心全意為人民服務(wù)

      編輯本段實義動詞的用法

        實義動詞詞義完整,能獨立作謂語,可分成:及物動詞(transitive verb)和不及物動詞(intransitive verb)。

      1.及物動詞要求有賓語

       ?、費r.Smith gave his wife twenty pounds for her birthday.史密斯先生給了他的妻子20英鎊過生日。
        ②He asked the teacher a few questions.他向老師問了幾個問題。
       ?、踂e have friends all over the world.我們的朋友遍天下。
       ?、蹸hildren and young people like bright colors.孩子和年輕人喜歡亮麗的顏色。

      2.不及物動詞不要求賓語

       ?、?Most shops in Britain open at 9:00 A.m. and close at 5:00 or 5:30 in the evening .英國大部分商店九點開門,晚五點或五點半關(guān)門。
       ?、贕eorge's father lives there.喬治的爸爸住在那里。
       ?、跮et's go home.我們回家吧。
       ?、躎he examination ended at 11:30 A.m.考試上午十一點半結(jié)束。

      3.特殊實義動詞

        英語動詞很多既是及物動詞又是不及物動詞,如
        close, begin, study, leave, work等。
        ①The post office closes at 9:00 p. m.郵局晚上9點關(guān)門。
       ?、贑lose the window, please.請關(guān)窗。
       ?、跾hall we begin now?我們現(xiàn)在開始嗎?
        ④ Bill began working as a sailor after he left school.比爾畢業(yè)后當水手。
        ⑤They left yesterday.他們昨天離開的。
       ?、轜hen did you leave Washington?你什么時候離開華盛頓的?
       ?、逿he students study hard.這些學生學習努力。
       ?、郥he students study English and German.這些學生學習英語和德語。
       ?、酘e works in a supermarket.他在一家超市工作。
       ?、釮e works the machine on Mondays.他星期一操作這臺機器。
        3。實義動詞,也叫行為動詞。就我們現(xiàn)在所學的內(nèi)容來講,實義動詞所在的句子中一般不存在be動詞。也就是在含有實義動詞的句子變否定句或疑問句時,一定不能用be動詞。那么,實義動詞究竟怎樣用呢?正如be動詞隨著主語的變化可變?yōu)閍m、is、are一樣,實義動詞在肯定句中,也要隨著主語的變化而變化。當主語為第三人稱單數(shù)he,she, it時,實義動詞要變?yōu)橄鄳?yīng)的第三稱單數(shù);當主語為非第三人稱單數(shù)I, you(你), we,you(你們) they時,實義動詞要用動詞的原形。而在變否定句和疑問句時,不能直接在動詞上變,而是要借助另一類動詞:助動詞do、does。
       ?。?)肯定句:
        ① I have a blue book.
       ?、?He has a brother.
        ③ She wants to be a teacher.
       ?、?They like to play basketball.
        (2)否定句:主語+don’t/doesn’t+動詞原形。其中do/does為助動詞,是來幫助實義動詞構(gòu)成否定或疑問句的,但加了do/does后,其后面的動詞必須用動詞原形。
       ?、?I have a blue book.(變?yōu)榉穸ň洌?#8594;I don’t have a blue book.
       ?、?He has a brother. (變?yōu)榉穸ň洌?#8594;He doesn’t hav brother.
       ?、?She wants to be a teacher. (變?yōu)榉穸ň洌?#8594;She doesn’t want to be a teacher.
       ?、?They like to play basketball. (變?yōu)榉穸ň洌?#8594;They don’t like to pla basketball.
        (3)一般疑問句:Do/Does +主語+動詞原形+其他?句中加了do/does后,其后面的動詞還是必須用動詞原形。
       ?、?I have a blue book.(變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧?→Do you have a blue book?
        ② He has a brother. (變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧?→Does he have a brother?
       ?、?My brother does his homework before supper. (變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧?→Does your brother do his homework before supper?
       ?、?She wants to be a teacher. (變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧?→Does she want to be a teacher? 
       ?、?They like to play basketball. (變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧?→Do they like to play basketball?
        (4)特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句?
       ?、?Your sister likes English best because it’s interesting. (對加粗部分提問)
        →Why does your sister like English best?
        ② He does his homework before supper. (對加粗部分提問)→When does he do his homework?
        注意:當含有and引導(dǎo)的短語在句中做謂語或賓語,我們把這類句子變否定句時,必須把and變?yōu)閛r.如:
        (1)He can swim and dance. (變?yōu)榉穸ň洌?#8594;He can’t wim or dance.
        (2)My father likes English and math. (變?yōu)榉穸ň洌?#8594;My father doesn’t like English or math.
        (5) but和except后。but前是實義動詞do時,后面出現(xiàn)的不定式不帶to。
        例如:He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。
        比較:He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃這藥,他什么都信

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