英語長難句是非常特別的學(xué)習(xí)資源，短小精煉、便捷高效，如果加以充分利用可以極大地促進(jìn)對于英語句子的結(jié)構(gòu)安排、語法關(guān)系、信息傳遞、邏輯表達(dá)和語言表述等方面的認(rèn)知和應(yīng)用，增強(qiáng)關(guān)于英語詞匯、句子和段落等的理解和寫作以至翻譯的能力。因此，我們應(yīng)該在一段時間內(nèi)進(jìn)行集中強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練，把長難句作為典型的句子進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)解析，句型提煉和句子翻譯，進(jìn)而增強(qiáng)英語綜合運(yùn)用能力。下面試對長難句（1）進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)解析、句型和句子翻譯。

一、原句：

Any evaluation system in which the mere number of a researcher's publications increases his or her score creates a strong disincentive to pursue risky and potentially groundbreaking work, because it takes years to create a new approach in a new experimental context, during which no publications should be expected.

二、解析：

1. 簡化結(jié)構(gòu)：

Any evaluation system … creates a strong disincentive …, …. 簡化的結(jié)構(gòu)是簡單句主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)，主語是system，any evaluation 是主語的定語，謂語是creates，賓語是disincentive。

2. 回補(bǔ)成分：

2.1 Any evaluation system … creates a strong disincentive to pursue risky and potentially groundbreaking work, …, …. 回補(bǔ)后的成分是動詞不定式短語to pursue risky and potentially groundbreaking work作disincentive后置定語，其中risky and potentially groundbreaking是并列定語修飾動詞pursue的賓語work。

2.2 Any evaluation system in which the mere number of a researcher's publications increases his or her score creates a strong disincentive to pursue risky and potentially groundbreaking work, …. 回補(bǔ)后的成分是定語從句，in which是介詞接關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句，從句的主語是the mere number， 謂語是increases，賓語是his or her score，of a researcher's publications是后置定語修飾主語number。

2.3 Any evaluation system in which the mere number of a researcher's publications increases his or her score creates a strong disincentive to pursue risky and potentially groundbreaking work, because it takes years to create a new approach in a new experimental context, …. 回補(bǔ)后的成分是由because的原因狀語從句，主語是it作形式主語，謂語和賓語分別是takes years，實際主語是動詞不定式短語to create a new approach in a new experimental context，其中a new approach是賓語，in a new experimental context是狀語。

2.4 Any evaluation system in which the mere number of a researcher's publications increases his or her score creates a strong disincentive to pursue risky and potentially groundbreaking work, because it takes years to create a new approach in a new experimental context, during which no publications should be expected. 最后回補(bǔ)后的成分是非限定性定語，in which是介詞接關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句，主語是publications，謂語should be expected。

三、句型提煉：

本句比較長且復(fù)雜，主句的主語帶有一個非限定性定語從句，而且從句本身的主語也比較長，呈現(xiàn)兩個謂語比較近的狀況，使人比較難以確定哪一個謂語動詞是主句的謂語，此外，兩個非限定性定語從句都是介詞前置于關(guān)系代詞的形式，造成一定的理解困難。

可用于寫作的句型提煉如下：

主語system +定語從句in which… +謂語creates+賓語+后置定語（動詞不定式）+狀語because it takes years …+非限定性定語during which…：

… system in which … creates … disincentive to pursue …, because it takes years to create …work, during which ….

四、翻譯：

任何一個僅僅是通過出版物來數(shù)字增加分?jǐn)?shù)進(jìn)而對科研人員進(jìn)行評價的系統(tǒng)都會強(qiáng)烈抑制科研人員追求冒險和潛在性的創(chuàng)新工作，因為新的科研環(huán)境下新的方式方法需要經(jīng)年累月才能進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新，期間不應(yīng)該對于出版事項抱有任何期望。