The NHBC Foundation has been established by NHBC in partnership with the BRE Trust.It facilitates research and development, technology and knowledge sharing, and the capture of industry best practice. The NHBC Foundation promotes best practice to help builders, developers and the industry as it responds to the country’s wider housing needs.The NHBC Foundation carries out practical, high quality research where it is needed most,particularly in areas such as building standards and processes. It also supports house builders in developing strong relationships with their customers.

NHBC基金會(huì)是NHBC與英國(guó)BRE信托基金合作建立的。它促進(jìn)了研究和開(kāi)發(fā)、技術(shù)和知識(shí)共享，以及獲取行業(yè)最佳實(shí)踐。NHBC基金會(huì)促進(jìn)最佳實(shí)踐，以幫助建筑商、開(kāi)發(fā)商和行業(yè)，以應(yīng)對(duì)國(guó)家更廣泛的住房需求。NHBC基金會(huì)在最需要的地方進(jìn)行實(shí)用的、高質(zhì)量的研究，特別是在建筑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和流程等領(lǐng)域。它還支持房屋建筑商與客戶建立牢固的關(guān)系。

本文發(fā)表于2006年，不過(guò)目前也大同小異，沒(méi)有發(fā)生大的改變。

Introduction概述

Drivers for building with modern methods of construction 現(xiàn)代建筑方法的驅(qū)動(dòng)因素 

What are modern methods of construction? 什么是現(xiàn)代建筑方法?

Types of modern methods of construction 現(xiàn)代建筑方法的類(lèi)型

How modern methods of construction fit into the construction process 現(xiàn)代施工方法如何適應(yīng)施工過(guò)程

Procurement 采購(gòu)

Annex: Roles and responsibilities of parties involved in off-site manufacture 附件:參與場(chǎng)外生產(chǎn)的各方的角色和責(zé)任

INTRODUCTION

概述

This guide is a concise reference tool that combines the experiences of architects, main contractors, engineers, warranty providers, manufacturers, and BRE who have applied modern methods of construction (MMC) successfully throughout the construction process. It provides guidance throughout all stages of a project from the development of the outline brief through to delivery on-site.

Although following the advice in this guide is not the only way to achieve a successful project,you will find valuable guidance here on most situations and commonly encountered problems.

本指南是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)明的參考工具，結(jié)合了建筑師、主要承建商、工程師、保修供應(yīng)商、制造商和建筑研究院的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，他們成功地在整個(gè)施工過(guò)程中應(yīng)用了現(xiàn)代施工方法(MMC)。它在項(xiàng)目的所有階段提供指導(dǎo)，從大綱概要的發(fā)展到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)交付。盡管遵循本指南中的建議并不是實(shí)現(xiàn)成功項(xiàng)目的唯一方法，但您將在這里找到關(guān)于大多數(shù)情況和常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題的有價(jià)值的指導(dǎo)。

Drivers for building with modern methods of construction

現(xiàn)代建筑方法的驅(qū)動(dòng)因素

Shortage in housing supply住房供應(yīng)短缺

Skills shortage技能工人的短缺

Concerns about housing quality提高房屋質(zhì)量

Revisions to Building Regulations修訂建筑規(guī)例

Environmental performance環(huán)保性能

WHAT ARE MODERN METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION?

什么是現(xiàn)代建造工法？

Modern methods of construction is a collective term used to describe a number of construction methods. The methods being introduced into UK house building differ significantly from so-called conventional construction methods such as brick and block.

現(xiàn)代施工方法是一個(gè)集合術(shù)語(yǔ)，用來(lái)描述一些施工方法。這種方法與所謂的傳統(tǒng)建筑方法，如磚和砌塊有很大的不同。

There is a great deal of debate within the industry at present about what constitutes MMC and as a result there is no universally agreed definition. In 2003 the Housing Corporation published a construction classification system (Box 1) that is used for its own purposes,which has been adapted by others.

目前，業(yè)內(nèi)對(duì)MMC的定義存在很大爭(zhēng)議，因此沒(méi)有一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的定義。2003年，房地產(chǎn)協(xié)會(huì)發(fā)布了一個(gè)建筑分類(lèi)系統(tǒng)(第1欄)，該系統(tǒng)是為其自身的目的而使用的，并已被其他公司采用。

1、場(chǎng)外制造-模塊化

2、場(chǎng)外制造-板塊式

3、場(chǎng)外制造-混合式

4、場(chǎng)外制造-組件裝配式

5、非場(chǎng)外制造的現(xiàn)代建造方法

While it is recognised that a definition based on attributes such as efficiency and quality may be more logical, the fact remains that most MMC being constructed at present is subject to Housing Corporation grants, or is on English Partnership sites: in both cases their selection criteria use the Housing Corporation classification system. The information in this guide is therefore based on that system.

There are many other terms used in the context of MMC (see Box 2) but, in order to prevent confusion, they are not used in this guide.

雖然承認(rèn)基于屬性，如效率和質(zhì)量，的定義可能更合適。但事實(shí)是，大多數(shù)MMC構(gòu)造目前是受房地產(chǎn)公司資助,而且在大部分英語(yǔ)網(wǎng)站:在這兩種情況下選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)使用房地產(chǎn)公司分類(lèi)系統(tǒng)。因此，本指南中的信息就是以該系統(tǒng)為基礎(chǔ)的。在MMC的上下文中還有許多其他的術(shù)語(yǔ)(見(jiàn)框2，如工廠建造、工業(yè)化建筑、場(chǎng)外裝配、模塊化建筑等等)，但是為了避免混淆，在本指南中沒(méi)有使用它們。

Volumetric construction

工廠預(yù)制體積建筑

Three-dimensional units produced in a factory, fully fitted out before being transported to site and stacked onto prepared foundations to form the dwellings Volumetric construction is also referred to as modular construction. These units can be made from most materials including light gauge steel frame, timber frame, concrete and composites. The units are sometimes used alongside panels (ready made walls, floors and roofs) in hybrid construction (see page 9). 

Pods are another type of volumetric unit usually used for bathrooms or similar highly serviced areas. Pods are discussed on page 6. 

Volumetric construction is most efficient when used for large numbers of identical units, as may be found in flats. A house is typically made up of four units plus roof (which can be either pre-fabricated or conventional). A flat usually comprises one, or more commonly two units.

在工廠生產(chǎn)的三維單元，在運(yùn)輸?shù)浆F(xiàn)場(chǎng)之前完全裝備，并堆疊在準(zhǔn)備好的基礎(chǔ)上，形成住房的體積建筑也被稱(chēng)為模塊化建筑。這些單元可以由大多數(shù)材料制成，包括輕型鋼架、木架、混凝土和復(fù)合材料。在混合建筑中，這些單元有時(shí)與面板(現(xiàn)成的墻壁、地板和屋頂)一起使用(見(jiàn)第9頁(yè))。吊艙是另一種體積單元，通常用于浴室或類(lèi)似的高度服務(wù)區(qū)域。pod在第6頁(yè)討論。當(dāng)大量相同的單元被使用時(shí)，容積式建筑是最有效的，就像在公寓中發(fā)現(xiàn)的那樣。一座房子通常由四個(gè)單元加上屋頂(可以是預(yù)制的，也可以是傳統(tǒng)的)組成。一套公寓通常包括一個(gè)或兩個(gè)單元。

TOPTIPS

要點(diǎn)

1.Consult the manufacturer early in the development of the design – designing with the manufacturing process in mind can lead to manufacturing efficiencies.

在設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)發(fā)的早期咨詢制造商——考慮到制造過(guò)程的設(shè)計(jì)可以提高制造效率。

2. Due to the size and weight of a volumetric unit,early consideration of transportation and erection logistics is necessary. Storage of the units on-site before erection is not recommended or practical.

由于容積單位的大小和重量，提前考慮運(yùn)輸和安裝物流是必要的。安裝前不建議在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)存放設(shè)備，也不實(shí)用。

3. Accurate foundations (eg ±5 mm on flatness) are essential due to tight tolerances of the units.Connections between units must also be carefully considered.

精確的基礎(chǔ)(如平整度±5mm)是必不可少的，因?yàn)閱卧g有緊密的公差。單元之間的連接也必須仔細(xì)考慮。

4. Design freeze (particularly of services) is essential before manufacture begins – any late design changes will be costly.

設(shè)計(jì)凍結(jié)(特別是機(jī)電部分)在制造開(kāi)始之前是非常重要的——任何后期的設(shè)計(jì)更改都將是昂貴的。

5. Ensure units are inspected both in the factory and on-site.

確保設(shè)備在工廠和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)都經(jīng)過(guò)檢查。

6. Consider the building control process. If the factory is remote from the site, one building control authority may undertake inspections in the factory, and another on-site.

考慮建筑控制過(guò)程。如工廠離工地較遠(yuǎn)，可分別由一個(gè)樓宇管制監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)視察工廠，另一個(gè)監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)則可視察工廠。

Volumetric construction: bathroom and kitchen pods

體積結(jié)構(gòu):浴室和廚房模塊

Factory finished bathrooms and kitchens within an independent structure 

Pods were introduced into the construction market for hotels and student accommodation, although their use in apartments and housing is increasing. Pods are usually non-structural and are normally used within a loadbearing structure. The enclosure can be of steel frame, timber frame, concrete or composite constructions.

工廠完成的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)艙內(nèi)的浴室和廚房被引入到酒店和學(xué)生宿舍的建筑市場(chǎng)，盡管它們?cè)诠⒑妥》恐械氖褂谜谠黾?。吊艙通常是非結(jié)構(gòu)性的，通常用于承重結(jié)構(gòu)中。外殼可以是鋼框架、木結(jié)構(gòu)、混凝土或復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。

TOPTIPS

要點(diǎn)

1. Most pods have to be sunk into the floor by about 50 mm to give a level floor finish ensure the floor construction takes account of this. 

大多數(shù)吊艙必須沉入地面約50毫米，以保證地板的平整，確保地板施工考慮到這一點(diǎn)。

2. Pods can be used to house other services such as heating equipment; consider this within the design. 

吊艙可以用來(lái)放置其他服務(wù)，如供暖設(shè)備;在設(shè)計(jì)中考慮這一點(diǎn)。

3. Substantial repetition is required to ensure pods are cost competitive with conventional methods. Left and right-handed versions of the same design constitute two different types of pod. 

需要大量重復(fù)，以確保吊艙與傳統(tǒng)方法相比具有成本競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。相同設(shè)計(jì)的左手和右手版本構(gòu)成了兩種不同類(lèi)型的pod。

4. Early design freeze and agreement on specifications are required. 

早期的設(shè)計(jì)凍結(jié)和規(guī)格協(xié)議是必需的。

5. Consider the sequence of works around the pod area, which may need to be carried out in advance of normal timescales. 

考慮在豆莢區(qū)周?chē)墓こ添樞?，這些工程可能需要在正常時(shí)間范圍內(nèi)提前進(jìn)行。

6. If pods are installed while the rest of the structure is being built, it is important to protect them from the weather. Pods can also be a target for vandals if site security is poor. 

如果吊艙是在結(jié)構(gòu)的其他部分建造時(shí)安裝的，那么保護(hù)它們不受天氣影響是很重要的。如果站點(diǎn)安全性差，Pods也可能成為破壞者的目標(biāo)。

7. If pods are to be delivered with doors rather than ply barrier, ensure that matching doors and furniture are available for the rest of the dwelling. 

如果吊艙要與門(mén)一起交付，而不是雙層屏障，請(qǐng)確保住宅的其余部分有配套的門(mén)和家具。

8. Pod designers should ensure access to services for maintenance, either within the pod or in the adjacent construction.

吊艙設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)確保在吊艙內(nèi)或鄰近建筑內(nèi)獲得維護(hù)服務(wù)。

Panellised construction systems

大板裝配式

Flat panel units built in a factory and transported to site for assembly into a three-dimensional structure or to fit within an existing structure 

Systems can include wall, floor and roof panels to create the complete structural shell. Factory-made structural floor and roof panels are known as     cassettes (these are considered in the subassemblies category on page 10). 

在工廠建造的平板設(shè)備，運(yùn)到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)組裝成一個(gè)三維結(jié)構(gòu)或適合于現(xiàn)有的結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)，可以包括墻、地板和屋頂板，以創(chuàng)建完整的結(jié)構(gòu)外殼。工廠生產(chǎn)的結(jié)構(gòu)樓板和屋頂板被稱(chēng)為盒式(這些在第10頁(yè)的組件類(lèi)別中被考慮)。

There are many different types of panel, the main types are: 

有許多不同類(lèi)型的面板，主要類(lèi)型是:

Open panels: panels delivered to site where insulation, windows, services and linings are fitted. All structural components are visible. Panels can be structural (transmitting load to the foundations) or non-structural (used as non-loadbearing separating walls and partitions). 

開(kāi)放式面板:交付到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的面板，在那里安裝絕緣材料，窗戶，服務(wù)和襯里。所有結(jié)構(gòu)部件都是可見(jiàn)的。面板可以是結(jié)構(gòu)性的(將荷載傳遞到基礎(chǔ)上)，也可以是非結(jié)構(gòu)性的(用作非承重的分隔墻和隔板)。

Closed panels: panels based on a structural framing system (such as the type used for open panel systems), which can have factory fitted windows, doors, services, internal wall finishes and external cladding. The internal structural components can only be seen around the perimeter of the panel. 

封閉式面板:基于結(jié)構(gòu)框架系統(tǒng)的面板(如用于開(kāi)放式面板系統(tǒng)的類(lèi)型)，可以有工廠安裝的窗戶、門(mén)、服務(wù)、內(nèi)墻飾面和外部覆層。內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)部件只能在面板周?chē)吹健?/span>

Concrete panels: structural wall panels, which can include cladding (often bricks or brick slips), insulation materials, windows and doors. 

混凝土板:結(jié)構(gòu)墻板，包括覆層(通常是磚或磚瓦)，絕緣材料，門(mén)窗。

Composite panels: panels made from a combination of different materials that act together to provide structural support. Structural insulated panels are a specific form of composite panel. 

復(fù)合面板:由不同材料組合而成的面板，共同作用提供結(jié)構(gòu)支撐。結(jié)構(gòu)保溫板是復(fù)合板的一種特殊形式。

Structural insulated panels (SIPS): sandwich construction comprising two layers of sheet material bonded to a foam insulation core. They do not rely on internal studs for their structural performance. Used primarily as wall and roof panels. 

結(jié)構(gòu)保溫板(SIPS):夾層結(jié)構(gòu)，由兩層片狀材料粘接在泡沫保溫芯上。它們的結(jié)構(gòu)性能不依賴(lài)于內(nèi)部螺柱。主要用作墻壁和屋頂板。

Infill panels: non-loadbearing panels inserted within a structural frame. Any type of panel can be used although framed panels are more common. Masonry can also be used. 

填充板:插入結(jié)構(gòu)框架內(nèi)的非承重板。任何類(lèi)型的面板都可以使用，雖然有框架的面板更常見(jiàn)。砌體也可以使用。

Curtain walling: vertical building enclosure system that supports no loads other than its own weight and the environmental loads that act upon it.

幕墻:垂直建筑圍護(hù)系統(tǒng)，只支持自身重量和作用于其上的環(huán)境荷載。

TOPTIPS

要點(diǎn)

1. Avoid steps and staggers with framed systems if using a heavy cladding such as brickwork. With conventional construction, brickwork between the roof of one dwelling and the verge of the adjacent dwelling is built off the party wall. With framed construction, brickwork cannot be supported on the frame of the party wall making detailing of the cladding difficult (see Figure 1). An alternative approach is to use lightweight cladding systems. 

如果使用重覆層(如磚)，避免步驟和錯(cuò)開(kāi)框架系統(tǒng)。在傳統(tǒng)的建筑中，一個(gè)住宅的屋頂和相鄰住宅的邊緣之間的磚砌是由方墻建造的。在框架結(jié)構(gòu)中，砌磚不能支撐在共墻的框架上，這使得覆層的詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)變得困難(見(jiàn)圖1)。另一種方法是使用輕型覆層系統(tǒng)。

2. Consider the integration of panels with siteapplied cladding and services. 

考慮面板與現(xiàn)場(chǎng)應(yīng)用覆層和服務(wù)的集成。

3. Panellised construction is more cost effective than volumetric construction for projects with a variety of layouts. 

在各種布局的項(xiàng)目中，嵌板建筑比容積建筑更具成本效益。

4. Use experienced or specialist erection teams. 

使用有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的或?qū)I(yè)的安裝團(tuán)隊(duì)。

5. Manufacturers need an early design freeze, especially for services.

制造商需要盡早凍結(jié)設(shè)計(jì)，特別是服務(wù)方面。

6. Tolerances are critical, particularly with infill panels. 

公差是關(guān)鍵的，特別是填充板。

7. Ensure the weight of each panel is known to ensure a crane of adequate capacity is provided (particularly for panels made from heavy materials such as concrete).

確保每個(gè)面板的重量是已知的，以確保起重機(jī)提供足夠的能力(特別是用混凝土等重型材料制成的面板)。

Hybrid construction

混合結(jié)構(gòu)

Volumetric units integrated with panellised systems 

與嵌板系統(tǒng)集成的體積單元

Hybrid construction is also referred to as semivolumetric construction. Highly serviced areas such as kitchens or bathrooms can be constructed as volumetric units, with the rest of the dwelling constructed with panels.

混合結(jié)構(gòu)也被稱(chēng)為半體積結(jié)構(gòu)。如廚房或浴室等高度服務(wù)的區(qū)域可以建造為體積單元，住宅的其余部分用嵌板建造。

TOPTIPS

要點(diǎn)

1. If different materials are used for the volumetric and panellised units, care is needed in the design detailing. 

如果體積和嵌板單元使用了不同的材料，那么在設(shè)計(jì)細(xì)節(jié)上需要注意。

2. Ensure detailed design has been carefully considered at the interface between the volumetric unit and panellised system. This is especially important if different manufacturers products are being used. 

確保詳細(xì)的設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)仔細(xì)考慮在容積單位和面板系統(tǒng)之間的接口。如果使用的是不同廠家的產(chǎn)品，這一點(diǎn)尤其重要。

3. Hybrid construction combines the best elements of volumetric and panellised construction. High value-added materials and fittings can be factory fitted into the volumetric units in controlled conditions, and panellised construction increases flexibility of layout. 

混合結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)合了體量和嵌板結(jié)構(gòu)的最佳元素。高附加值的材料和配件可以在可控條件下工廠安裝到體積單元中，嵌板結(jié)構(gòu)增加了布局的靈活性。

4. Establish effective communication early between the manufacturer(s) and the project architect to optimise the design for the manufacturing process.

在制造商和項(xiàng)目架構(gòu)師之間盡早建立有效的溝通，以優(yōu)化制造工藝的設(shè)計(jì)。

Sub-assemblies and components

半成品和零部件

Larger components that can be incorporated into either conventionally built or MMC dwellings 

更大的組件，可以納入傳統(tǒng)建筑或MMC住宅

These items are not full housing systems and are usually factory made or, occasionally, site-assembled. 

這些項(xiàng)目不是完整的住房系統(tǒng)，通常是工廠制造的，有時(shí)是現(xiàn)場(chǎng)組裝的。

Sub-assemblies and components in this category are: 

這類(lèi)構(gòu)件包括:

Pre-fabricated foundations: a series of pre-fabricated ground beams and other components assembled to form foundations quickly and accurately. 

預(yù)制地基:一系列預(yù)制地基梁和其他構(gòu)件快速、準(zhǔn)確地組裝成地基。

Floor cassettes: pre-fabricated panels specifically designed for floor construction. Fewer labour hours on-site are needed per square metre of floor, and reduced work at height has potential health and safety benefits. 

樓板盒:專(zhuān)門(mén)為樓板施工設(shè)計(jì)的預(yù)制面板。每平方米地板所需的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)勞動(dòng)時(shí)間更少，減少高空作業(yè)具有潛在的健康和安全好處。

Roof cassettes: pre-fabricated panels designed specifically for pitched roofs. The panels are very stiff and are designed to leave the loft free of struts and props, allowing easy production of room in the roof construction. Using roof cassettes allows the building to become watertight more quickly than with conventional trussed rafter or cut roof constructions. 

屋頂盒:專(zhuān)門(mén)為斜屋頂設(shè)計(jì)的預(yù)制板。面板非常硬，設(shè)計(jì)使閣樓沒(méi)有支柱和道具，允許在屋頂建筑中輕松生產(chǎn)房間。使用屋頂盒可以使建筑比傳統(tǒng)的桁架椽子或切割屋頂結(jié)構(gòu)更快地變得防水。

Pre-assembled roof structure: roofs assembled at ground level before constructing the shell of a dwelling. The roof can be craned into place as soon as the rest of the superstructure is in place, creating a weathertight structure more quickly than assembling the roof in situ. There are also health and safety benefits resulting from the workforce not undertaking all the work at height. 

預(yù)組裝屋頂結(jié)構(gòu):在建造住宅外殼之前，在地面上組裝屋頂。當(dāng)上部結(jié)構(gòu)的其他部分就位時(shí)，屋頂就可以被吊裝到合適的位置，這比在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)組裝屋頂更快地創(chuàng)建一個(gè)風(fēng)雨密結(jié)構(gòu)。由于工作人員不需要在高處承擔(dān)所有的工作，因此也有健康和安全方面的好處。

Pre-fabricated dormers: factory made dormers can speed up the process of making the roof watertight. 

預(yù)制采光天窗:工廠生產(chǎn)的采光天窗可以加快屋頂?shù)姆浪^(guò)程。

Pre-fabricated chimney stacks: factory made lightweight chimney stacks (often clad with brick slips) for mounting on a roof structure without the need for a masonry flue, make them suitable for lightweight frame constructions. The stacks can accommodate flue liners and so function with combustion appliances. 

預(yù)制煙囪:工廠制造的輕型煙囪(通常包有磚瓦)安裝在屋頂結(jié)構(gòu)上，而不需要砌體煙道，使它們適合于輕型框架結(jié)構(gòu)。這些煙囪可以容納煙道內(nèi)襯，因此可以與燃燒器具一起使用。

Wiring looms: cabling systems manufactured so that they can be assembled quickly with relatively unskilled labour. Cables are manufactured in various lengths and terminated with plugs that simply plug into sockets and other electrical items.

線束織機(jī):制造的布線系統(tǒng)，使它們可以用相對(duì)不熟練的勞動(dòng)力快速組裝。電纜被制造成各種長(zhǎng)度，并帶有簡(jiǎn)單地插入插座和其他電器的插頭。

Pre-fabricated plumbing: pipework and fittings pre-assembled for use in volumetric units to facilitate the rapid throughput of units in the factory. 

預(yù)制管道:預(yù)先組裝的管道和配件，以用于容積單位，以促進(jìn)單位在工廠的快速生產(chǎn)。

Timber I beams: lightweight joists, studs or rafters manufactured with solid or composite timber flanges with timber sheet material web to form an I beam. The beams are very stiff for their weight and manufactured in a range of lengths and depths. The beams can be used to create structures with large unsupported spans giving flexibility in layout. Metal web joists: lightweight joists comprising two timber flanges separated by light gauge steel lattice webs. As with timber I beams, large spans are possible.

工字形木梁:用實(shí)木或復(fù)合木翼和木片材料制成的輕型擱柵、螺柱或椽子，構(gòu)成工字形梁。這種梁就其重量而言非常堅(jiān)硬，而且可以制造出不同長(zhǎng)度和深度的梁。梁可以用來(lái)創(chuàng)建具有大無(wú)支撐跨度的結(jié)構(gòu)，在布局上提供靈活性。金屬腹板龍骨:輕型龍骨包括兩個(gè)木材法蘭由輕型鋼格網(wǎng)分開(kāi)。與I型木梁一樣，大跨度是可能的。

TOPTIPS

要點(diǎn)

1. Ensure that the use of a sub-assembly adds value overall. 

確保子程序集的使用總體上增加了價(jià)值。

2. Ensure interface between the sub-assembly or component, and the rest of the structure, has been fully considered from the design stage onwards. 

確保子組件或部件之間的接口，以及結(jié)構(gòu)的其余部分，從設(shè)計(jì)階段起就已充分考慮。

3. Be aware that the use of sub-assemblies can increase crane reliance. 

請(qǐng)注意，使用子組件可以增加起重機(jī)的可靠性。

4. Consider assembling roofs at ground level to reduce work at height.5. Ensure preceding and follow on trades are fully briefed to understand and take advantage of MMC.

考慮在地面安裝屋頂，以減少高空作業(yè)。確保前期和后續(xù)的交易都得到充分的介紹，以理解和利用MMC。

Site-based modern methods of construction

基于現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的現(xiàn)代建筑方法

Innovative methods of construction used on-site and the use of conventional components in an innovative way 

施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)使用的創(chuàng)新方法和常規(guī)組件的使用一種創(chuàng)新的方式

A variety of systems are available which include: 

各種各樣的系統(tǒng)可包括:

Tunnelform in situ concrete: concrete bays cast between L -shaped steel shutters (see Figures 2 to 4). The ends of the bays are infilled with other materials (eg masonry, light gauge steel or timber frame panels) to create a habitable space. 

隧道?，F(xiàn)澆混凝土:混凝土海灣L形鋼百葉窗之間進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換(見(jiàn)圖2 - 4)。海灣的兩端與其它材料填充(如磚石、輕量鋼或木材框架板)來(lái)創(chuàng)建一個(gè)可居住空間。

Insulating formwork: insulation in the form of hollow blocks or sheets used as permanent shuttering for concrete to create the external walls of a dwelling. Very airtight and thermally efficient dwellings are created using this system. 

絕緣模板:空心砌塊或板材的形式的絕緣，用作混凝土的永久模板，以創(chuàng)建住宅的外墻。非常密閉和熱效率的住宅是使用這個(gè)系統(tǒng)創(chuàng)建的。

Aircrete: aerated concrete products (thin joint blockwork or aircrete planks) used to form the major elements (ie walls, roof and floors) of a structure.

充氣混凝土:用于構(gòu)成建筑物主要構(gòu)件(如墻壁、屋頂和地板)的加氣混凝土產(chǎn)品(薄接縫砌塊或充氣混凝土板)。

TOPTIPS

要點(diǎn)

1. Tunnelform is normally more efficient when used for large numbers of repeat units.

隧道形式通常用于大量重復(fù)單元時(shí)更有效。

2. Tunnelform works well with other off-site manufactured systems (eg tunnelform and framed infill panel systems).

隧道?？梢耘c其他非現(xiàn)場(chǎng)制造的系統(tǒng)(如Tunnelform和框架填充板系統(tǒng))很好地工作。

3. Ensure site has enough space for movement of(potentially) large components.

確保站點(diǎn)有足夠的空間移動(dòng)(可能)大型組件。

4. Aircrete uses conventional skills and is suited to both low and high output volumes.

Aircrete使用傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)，適合于低產(chǎn)量和高產(chǎn)量。

5. Insulating formwork does not require heavy lifting equipment. Craft skills are not essential – very popular with self-build projects.

絕緣模板不需要重型起重設(shè)備。手工技能在自建項(xiàng)目中不是很受歡迎。

HOW MODERN METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION FIT INTO THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

現(xiàn)代施工方法如何適應(yīng)施工過(guò)程

Procurement and construction of conventionally constructed dwellings is by necessity a sequential process, which is represented in its simplest form in Figure 5.

傳統(tǒng)住宅的采購(gòu)和建造必然是一個(gè)循序漸進(jìn)的過(guò)程，最簡(jiǎn)單的形式見(jiàn)圖5。

Figure 5 shows that only the design and approvals stages occur before going on-site. With site-based MMC, systems must follow a similar process but as the amount of work carried out in a factory increases, more flexibility is built into the process. Superstructure and fitting out can take place in the factory before or while the groundworks and substructure are being done on-site. This has the overall effect of compressing the on-site phase. 

圖5顯示，在進(jìn)入現(xiàn)場(chǎng)之前，只有設(shè)計(jì)和批準(zhǔn)階段。在基于工廠的MMC中，系統(tǒng)必須遵循類(lèi)似的流程，但隨著工廠工作量的增加，流程中增加了更多的靈活性。上層建筑和舾裝可以在工廠進(jìn)行之前或當(dāng)?shù)孛婀こ毯偷叵陆Y(jié)構(gòu)在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)完成。這對(duì)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)階段的壓縮有整體的影響。

Figure 6 (overleaf) shows a comparison between various forms of construction during each stage of the construction process. As production in the factory increases the overall time on-site should decrease. However, the amount of work required before construction intensifies so the pre-construction phase becomes increasingly important. The key steps in the pre-construction phase are given in the next section.

圖6(背頁(yè))顯示了在施工過(guò)程的每個(gè)階段的不同施工形式的比較。隨著工廠生產(chǎn)的增加，在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的總時(shí)間應(yīng)該減少。然而，施工前所需的工作量增加了，因此施工前階段變得越來(lái)越重要。下一節(jié)給出了預(yù)構(gòu)建階段的關(guān)鍵步驟。

THE PRE-CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

前期建設(shè)過(guò)程

The approach to constructing with MMC differs markedly between private sector house builders and housing associations. Private sector builders normally use standard house types from a pattern book. Experience has shown that converting a design intended for masonry construction to factory production is not easy, so if mainstream builders are to embrace MMC it usually involves careful and lengthy planning. 

使用MMC進(jìn)行建筑的方法在私人部門(mén)住宅建筑商和住宅協(xié)會(huì)之間有明顯的不同。私人建筑商通常使用模式手冊(cè)中的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)房型。經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，將砌體建筑的設(shè)計(jì)轉(zhuǎn)換為工廠生產(chǎn)是不容易的，所以如果主流建筑商要接受MMC，通常需要仔細(xì)和漫長(zhǎng)的規(guī)劃。

The usual approach is to form a strategic partnership with an MMC supplier in order to develop designs specifically suited for production. Often, the intention is not to completely switch to MMC, but to use it as a means of introducing flexibility into the supply of housing. However, such partnerships will only be entered into if there is a sound business case to support the decision. 

通常的方法是與MMC供應(yīng)商建立戰(zhàn)略伙伴關(guān)系，以開(kāi)發(fā)特別適合生產(chǎn)的設(shè)計(jì)。通常，其目的并不是完全轉(zhuǎn)向MMC，而是將其作為一種引入住房供應(yīng)靈活性的手段。然而，只有在有充分的商業(yè)理由支持這一決定的情況下，才會(huì)建立這種合作關(guān)系。

Another factor as far as private sector/speculative house builders are concerned is the need to manage cashflow, which is directly related to both the build rate and the sales rate. Therefore forms of MMC which benefit from the economies of scale obtained from production runs of a number of dwellings (such as volumetric construction) may not be particularly suited to the private sector builder s business constraints. 

對(duì)私人部門(mén)/投機(jī)性房屋建筑商來(lái)說(shuō)，另一個(gè)因素是需要管理現(xiàn)金流，這直接關(guān)系到建造率和銷(xiāo)售率。因此，MMC的形式從大量住宅的生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)中獲得的規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)中受益(如容積式建筑)，可能并不特別適合私營(yíng)部門(mén)建筑商的業(yè)務(wù)約束。

Housing associations normally build to different standards (eg space and robustness) compared to speculative builders, and rarely use pattern book designs. While it is beneficial for them to earn revenue from rental income as soon as possible they do not tend to operate under the same business constraints as private sector builders, and generally want their housing finished as early as possible. The use of MMC is therefore more suited to housing association requirements than it is to those of the private sector. 

與投機(jī)性建筑商相比，住房協(xié)會(huì)通常按照不同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建造(如空間和堅(jiān)固性)，很少使用樣板書(shū)設(shè)計(jì)。雖然盡快從租金收入中獲得收入對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)是有好處的，但他們不傾向于像私人建筑商那樣在同樣的商業(yè)約束下運(yùn)營(yíng)，通常希望他們的住房盡早完工。因此，MMC的使用更適合住房協(xié)會(huì)的要求，而不是私營(yíng)部門(mén)的要求。

Private sector builders 

私營(yíng)部門(mén)的建筑商

For private sector builders there are two possible, but independent, stages that may involve MMC. The first relates to the development of a strategic partnership with a manufacturer for the supply of MMC components or systems. The second relates to specific individual developments.

對(duì)于私人建筑商來(lái)說(shuō)，有兩個(gè)可能的但獨(dú)立的階段可能涉及MMC。第一個(gè)是與MMC組件或系統(tǒng)供應(yīng)的制造商的戰(zhàn)略伙伴關(guān)系的發(fā)展。第二個(gè)與具體的個(gè)人發(fā)展有關(guān)。

Developing a strategic partnership 

發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略伙伴關(guān)系

Strategic partnerships between builders and MMC suppliers can be on a number of levels, depending on the extent to which the MMC product represents a complete dwelling. At one extreme the MMC supplier may be only a preferred supplier of a product, eg roof cassettes, while at the other extreme the MMC supplier could supply the whole dwelling. In the more extreme cases, complete house designs may need to be developed to enable the most costeffective solution to be built on-site. In order to maximise flexibility from the house builder s perspective, the standard designs developed with the MMC supplier may share a common foundation design with the builder s conventionally constructed pattern book housing. This gives the house builder the flexibility of two approaches on the same plot.

Alternatively, the builder may feel that a particular dwelling type (eg flats) is more suited to MMC. Unlike detached or semi-detached houses, flats are not normally occupied until the whole block is completed, meaning that rapid construction techniques would allow sales to proceed more quickly. 

開(kāi)發(fā)商和MMC供應(yīng)商之間的戰(zhàn)略伙伴關(guān)系可以有很多層次，這取決于MMC產(chǎn)品代表一個(gè)完整住宅的程度。在一個(gè)極端，MMC供應(yīng)商可能只是一個(gè)產(chǎn)品的首選供應(yīng)商，如屋頂磁帶，而在另一個(gè)極端，MMC供應(yīng)商可以供應(yīng)整個(gè)住宅。在更極端的情況下，可能需要開(kāi)發(fā)完整的住宅設(shè)計(jì)，以實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)建造最具成本效益的解決方案。為了從房屋建筑商的角度最大化靈活性，與MMC供應(yīng)商開(kāi)發(fā)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)計(jì)可能與建筑商的傳統(tǒng)建筑模式住宅共享一個(gè)共同的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)。這為建筑者提供了在同一地塊上使用兩種方法的靈活性。或者，建造者可能認(rèn)為某一特定的住宅類(lèi)型(如公寓)更適合MMC。與獨(dú)立式或半獨(dú)立式住宅不同，公寓通常在整個(gè)街區(qū)建成之前不會(huì)被占用，這意味著快速施工技術(shù)將使銷(xiāo)售進(jìn)行得更快。

Site-specific considerations 

因地制宜的考慮

Developing a particular site begins with the identification and purchase of a plot of land. The purchase may be speculative, with considerable time lapsing between purchase and the start of the design and construction phases, but the decision to start the development process is taken on the basis of a business plan. Unlike the social housing sector, the business plan is reviewed regularly and the plans for the site altered to ensure that the development remains in line with market demand. 

Different departments within a construction company are involved in the pre-construction process. Companies differ according to their business needs and size, however Box 3 shows the main departments and functions operating in a typical company. The main stages in pre-construction are summarised in Box 4.

開(kāi)發(fā)一個(gè)特定的場(chǎng)地，首先要確定和購(gòu)買(mǎi)一塊土地。購(gòu)買(mǎi)可能是投機(jī)性的，從購(gòu)買(mǎi)到開(kāi)始設(shè)計(jì)和構(gòu)建階段之間有相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的一段時(shí)間，但是開(kāi)始開(kāi)發(fā)過(guò)程的決定是基于商業(yè)計(jì)劃的。與社會(huì)住房部門(mén)不同的是，商業(yè)計(jì)劃會(huì)定期進(jìn)行審查，并對(duì)場(chǎng)地計(jì)劃進(jìn)行修改，以確保發(fā)展與市場(chǎng)需求保持一致。建筑公司的不同部門(mén)都參與了施工前的過(guò)程。公司根據(jù)其業(yè)務(wù)需求和規(guī)模而有所不同，然而框3顯示了一個(gè)典型公司的主要部門(mén)和職能運(yùn)作。方框4總結(jié)了施工前期的主要階段。

Housing associations

住房協(xié)會(huì)

Because housing associations have potentially a much more diverse set of requirements for the dwellings they commission, the pre-construction phase is crucial to the success of the project. Box 5 highlights the sequence of activities.

因?yàn)樽》繀f(xié)會(huì)對(duì)他們委托的住宅有潛在的更多樣化的要求，施工前階段是項(xiàng)目成功的關(guān)鍵?？?突出顯示活動(dòng)的順序。

Developing the brief

開(kāi)發(fā)概要

The brief sets out the parameters for the project in terms of what needs to be achieved. It is developed by a core team, typically comprising key members as shown in Box 6.

該簡(jiǎn)報(bào)根據(jù)需要實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)為項(xiàng)目設(shè)定了參數(shù)。它是由核心團(tuán)隊(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)的，通常由框6中所示的關(guān)鍵成員組成。

The brief (also known as employer’s requirements) needs to be clear and unequivocal because it informs the MMC appraisal. A wide range of issues need to be covered including:

摘要(也被稱(chēng)為雇主的要求)需要清晰和毫不含糊，因?yàn)樗鼮镸MC的評(píng)估提供了信息。需要涉及的問(wèn)題范圍廣泛，包括:

1 number, mix and size of units to be built

建造單位的數(shù)量、混合和規(guī)模

2 time frame in which scheme should be delivered

計(jì)劃交付的時(shí)間范圍

3 capital and life cycle costs

資金和生命周期成本

4 tenant needs or purchases that may go over and above minimum standards and regulations (eg security or access requirements for the elderly or disabled)

租戶的需求或購(gòu)買(mǎi)可能超出最低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)定(如老年人或殘疾人的安全或出入要求)

5 town and country planning issues which are known at this stage, eg conservation issues, height restrictions and density issues 

現(xiàn)階段已知的城鄉(xiāng)規(guī)劃問(wèn)題，如保育問(wèn)題、高度限制及密度問(wèn)題

6 the organisation s own strategy plan 

組織自己的戰(zhàn)略計(jì)劃

7 required performance of the finished product (running/energy costs, maintainability, robustness) 

成品所需的性能(運(yùn)行/能源成本，可維護(hù)性，健壯性)

8 location and layout of the site (access, topography, existing services, neighbourliness during construction) 

地盤(pán)的位置及布局(道路、地形、現(xiàn)有服務(wù)、建造時(shí)的鄰近環(huán)境)

9 business case 

商業(yè)案例

10 environmental issues. 

環(huán)境問(wèn)題

The outputs from this stage should include: 

這一階段的成果應(yīng)包括:

1 schedule of site constraints 

地盤(pán)限制時(shí)間表

2 list of criteria that the development must fulfil 

開(kāi)發(fā)必須滿足的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)列表

3 schedule of dwelling sizes 

住宅面積表

4 budget and time limits 

預(yù)算和時(shí)間限制

5 hierarchy of needs and assessment criteria. 

需求層次和評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

Assessing construction options 

評(píng)估建設(shè)選項(xiàng)

Using the assessment criteria, construction options should be assessed to determine how well they each meet the brief. Constraints that limit the use of a particular form of construction may be wider than those imposed by the project brief the lists below can be used to supplement the brief. 

使用評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，應(yīng)評(píng)估施工方案，以確定它們是否滿足簡(jiǎn)要要求。限制使用特定建筑形式的限制可能比項(xiàng)目概要所施加的限制更廣，以下清單可用于補(bǔ)充概要。

Site conditions 

Including: 

1 crane and transport access 

起重機(jī)和運(yùn)輸通道

2 storage 

臨時(shí)存儲(chǔ)

3 overhead electric cables. 

架空電纜。

Time frame 

時(shí)間范圍

1 find out when the client will need to enter into financial and contractual commitment 

了解客戶何時(shí)需要簽訂財(cái)務(wù)和合同承諾

2 consequences of delays to site-based tasks.

基于站點(diǎn)的任務(wù)延遲的后果。

True cost of alternative solutions 

替代方案的真實(shí)成本

1 compare the cost of different options on a realistic basis the build costs are only part of the equation innovative systems which take less time to construct on-site can lead to savings on, eg site prelims and equipment hire 

在現(xiàn)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上比較不同方案的成本，建造成本只是方程式的一部分

2 be aware that cashflow may differ for different construction types MMC may require an increased up front investment compared to conventional construction, but earlier completion may allow earlier income from rents 

需要注意的是，不同建筑類(lèi)型的現(xiàn)金流可能不同，與傳統(tǒng)建筑相比，MMC可能需要增加前期投資，但提前完工可能會(huì)讓租金收入提前

3 consider whole life costs, eg future maintenance costs will differ for different systems.

考慮整個(gè)生命周期的成本，例如，未來(lái)的維護(hù)成本將因不同的系統(tǒng)而不同。

Design constraints 

設(shè)計(jì)約束

Including: 

1 height of building 建筑高度

2 spans 跨度

3 repetition 重復(fù)性

4 balconies 露臺(tái)

5 cantilevers. 懸臂

The assessment process should ideally be facilitated by an independent facilitator to ensure objectivity. If the organisation procuring the dwellings is new to MMC, it would be prudent to invite an MMC adviser to provide expert input. At this stage, the technology options to use in construction may only be reduced to two or three, rather than a single option. 

理想情況下，評(píng)估過(guò)程應(yīng)該由一個(gè)獨(dú)立的促進(jìn)者來(lái)促進(jìn)，以確?？陀^性。如果采購(gòu)住宅的機(jī)構(gòu)是MMC的新機(jī)構(gòu)，請(qǐng)MMC顧問(wèn)提供專(zhuān)家意見(jiàn)是明智的。在這個(gè)階段，在建筑中使用的技術(shù)選擇可能只會(huì)減少到兩到三個(gè)，而不是一個(gè)單一的選擇。

Certification 

認(rèn)證

Consideration should be given to the long-term interests of the mortgage lender, household insurer and the warranty provider, all of whom have an interest in the dwellings once they have been built. 

考慮到抵押貸款機(jī)構(gòu)、家庭保險(xiǎn)公司和擔(dān)保機(jī)構(gòu)的長(zhǎng)期利益，他們都在住房建成后享有利益。

Insurers in particular are interested in construction technology from the point of view of the cost of repairs and reinstatement in cases of damage. If the construction type is relatively novel, consideration should be given to whether or not the construction system chosen should have third party certification. Certification is necessary for some systems more than others the more unusual the system the more likely it is that certification will be needed. Insurers or warranty providers may prefer certification if the product or full construction system: 

保險(xiǎn)公司尤其從損壞情況下修理和修復(fù)費(fèi)用的角度對(duì)建筑技術(shù)感興趣。如果建筑類(lèi)型比較新穎，應(yīng)考慮選擇的建筑體系是否需要第三方認(rèn)證。某些系統(tǒng)比其他系統(tǒng)更需要認(rèn)證，系統(tǒng)越不尋常，越需要認(rèn)證。如果產(chǎn)品或完整的建設(shè)體系:

1 uses novel materials 使用新材料

2 uses novel design or construction approaches 使用新穎的設(shè)計(jì)或施工方法

3 uses standard materials from unknown suppliers 使用來(lái)自未知供應(yīng)商的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)材料

4 is not fully covered by British or European standards for its manufacture and construction on-site 其生產(chǎn)和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)施工是否完全符合英國(guó)或歐洲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

5 claims performance characteristics beyond current accepted standards or outside the scope of current standards. 索賠性能特征超出當(dāng)前可接受的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或超出當(dāng)前標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的范圍。

The need for certification will depend on whether a product or system is being considered and may cover: 

認(rèn)證的需要將取決于是否考慮一種產(chǎn)品或系統(tǒng)，可能包括:

1 structural and fire performance 結(jié)構(gòu)及防火性能

2 thermal and acoustic properties 熱聲學(xué)性能

3 durability 耐久性

4 repair and maintenance 修理和維護(hù)

5 installation. 安裝

If the system is covered by certification make sure that: 

如果體系被認(rèn)證覆蓋，請(qǐng)確保:

1 the proposed application is within the scope of the certificate 建議的申請(qǐng)?jiān)谧C書(shū)的范圍內(nèi)

2 certificates carry the UKAS logo or a notified body number 證書(shū)帶有UKAS標(biāo)志或公告主體號(hào)碼

3 the standard details are appropriate to the project. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)細(xì)節(jié)適用于項(xiàng)目

Developing the concept design 

發(fā)展概念設(shè)計(jì)

A concept team develops the concept design Box 7 outlines the make-up of a typical concept team. 

概念團(tuán)隊(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)概念設(shè)計(jì)框7概述了典型概念團(tuán)隊(duì)的組成。

Concept design covers issues such as visual impact and infrastructure issues which may impact on the cost plan. The MMC adviser s input is crucial if more than one construction option is still under consideration. Final appraisal of remaining construction options should take place at this stage, before the full project delivery team is assembled.

概念設(shè)計(jì)包括可能影響成本計(jì)劃的視覺(jué)沖擊和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施問(wèn)題。如果仍在考慮多個(gè)建筑方案，MMC顧問(wèn)的意見(jiàn)是至關(guān)重要的。在整個(gè)項(xiàng)目交付團(tuán)隊(duì)集合之前，應(yīng)在這個(gè)階段對(duì)剩余的施工方案進(jìn)行最終評(píng)估。

Assembling the project team 

組建項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)

To a certain extent the composition of the project team will depend on the method of construction chosen. The greater the level of off-site manufacture, the more important it is to get the manufacturer involved as early as possible. The first task for the project team is to select the manufacturer so that details can be finalised and production optimised. This may be an iterative process involving discussions initially with a number of potential manufacturers before making the final choice. It is important that the manufacturer is involved in the final stages of developing the design concept, particularly for highly manufactured solutions.  

在某種程度上，項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)的組成將取決于所選擇的施工方法。場(chǎng)外制造的水平越高，讓制造商盡早參與進(jìn)來(lái)就越重要。項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)的第一個(gè)任務(wù)是選擇制造商，以便最終確定細(xì)節(jié)和優(yōu)化生產(chǎn)。這可能是一個(gè)迭代的過(guò)程，在做出最終選擇之前，首先與許多潛在制造商進(jìn)行討論。重要的是，制造商參與到設(shè)計(jì)概念的最后階段，特別是對(duì)于高度制造的解決方案。

Roles and responsibilities for the project team should be agreed from the outset. A comprehensive list of items for consideration and team responsibilities is provided in the Annex. A summary of key project team members is shown in Box 8. 

項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)的角色和責(zé)任應(yīng)該從一開(kāi)始就達(dá)成一致。附件載有審議項(xiàng)目和小組職責(zé)的全面清單。方框8顯示了項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)主要成員的摘要。

Obtaining approvals and developing the detailed design 

獲得批準(zhǔn)并制定詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)

Once the concept design is agreed, planning consent can be obtained. Manufacturers should confirm that the concept fits with their factory processes and standard detailing.

一旦概念設(shè)計(jì)達(dá)成一致，就可以獲得規(guī)劃許可。制造商應(yīng)確認(rèn)概念符合他們的工廠流程和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)細(xì)節(jié)。

They can work with the design team to produce a detailed design that can be manufactured efficiently. 

他們可以與設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)合作，制作出可以高效制造的詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)。

It is important to note that although it is desirable for manufacturers to be involved at this stage they may not have a formal contract to start building until the detailed design is finalised. This process should be discussed with them to agree the extent of at risk work that they may have to do, and their payment expectations for work carried out before a formal contract is signed. A two-stage contract may be the most appropriate way forward. 

需要注意的是，雖然制造商在這一階段也應(yīng)參與進(jìn)來(lái)，但在詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)完成之前，他們可能沒(méi)有正式的開(kāi)工合同。應(yīng)與他們討論這一過(guò)程，以商定他們可能必須從事的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)工作的范圍，以及在正式合同簽署之前他們對(duì)所從事工作的預(yù)期報(bào)酬。兩階段合同可能是最合適的方式。

Once developed, the detailed design is put forward for planning consent and approval under Building Regulations. In developing the detailed design the team should be aware of any planning restrictions, the constraints that the manufacturer works under, and the information the manufacturer will require. Some of the main considerations will be: 

一旦設(shè)計(jì)完成，詳細(xì)的設(shè)計(jì)將提交規(guī)劃部門(mén)的同意和建筑法規(guī)的批準(zhǔn)。在制定詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，團(tuán)隊(duì)?wèi)?yīng)該了解任何計(jì)劃限制，制造商工作的限制條件，以及制造商需要的信息。一些主要的考慮因素將是:

1 Is there an understanding of the constraints and benefits of the MMC systems being used? 

是否理解所使用的MMC系統(tǒng)的約束和好處?

2 Does the MMC manufacturer have a design guide? Have manufacturer s design details been obtained?

MMC制造商有設(shè)計(jì)指南嗎?是否已獲得制造商的詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)資料?

3 Are there any structural requirements that may need consideration? 

是否有需要考慮的結(jié)構(gòu)要求?

4 What is and is not included within the system, eg cladding, services, windows, and floor cassettes? 

系統(tǒng)中包含和不包含什么，如包層、服務(wù)、窗戶和地板磁帶?

5 Is the design optimised in terms of efficiency and cost? 

設(shè)計(jì)是否在效率和成本方面進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化?

6 What timescale does the MMC system need for design and manufacture before delivering? 

在交付之前，MMC系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)和制造需要多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間?

7 When is the design freeze date? 

設(shè)計(jì)凍結(jié)日期是什么時(shí)候?

8 Does the specification recognise the MMC supplier s efficiencies? 

該規(guī)范是否承認(rèn)MMC供應(yīng)商的效率?

9 Does there need to be a range of styles, layouts and colours? 

是否需要一系列的樣式、布局和顏色?

Some aspects of the design are critical to the construction process. It is important to agree who is responsible for the detailed design of the interfaces between the factory-made parts and those assembled on-site. Both parties must be aware of, and accept as reasonable, the tolerances that each party is working to and each other s expectations. The detailed design of such interfaces must be critically reviewed by all concerned for buildability before being finalised.

設(shè)計(jì)的某些方面對(duì)施工過(guò)程是至關(guān)重要的。確定誰(shuí)負(fù)責(zé)工廠制造的部件和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)組裝的部件之間的接口的詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)是很重要的。雙方必須意識(shí)到，并合理地接受雙方對(duì)彼此期望的容忍。在最終完成之前，這些接口的詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)必須經(jīng)過(guò)所有相關(guān)人員對(duì)可構(gòu)建性的嚴(yán)格審查。

PROCUREMENT

采購(gòu)

When letting the contract for the manufacture of units it is important to agree the following with the manufacturer:

在簽訂設(shè)備制造合同時(shí)，與制造商達(dá)成以下協(xié)議是很重要的:

a date for the design freeze設(shè)計(jì)凍結(jié)的日期

a timetable for delivery of the units (remember the manufacturer will not want to store units at the factory and will expect the site to be ready to accept delivery at an agreed time)交付單元的時(shí)間表(記住，制造商不希望將單元存儲(chǔ)在工廠，而是希望在約定的時(shí)間內(nèi)準(zhǔn)備好接受交付)

period of notice required by the manufacturer to check that tolerances on-site are within agreed limits制造商要求的通知期限，以檢查現(xiàn)場(chǎng)公差是否在商定的限度內(nèi)

penalties for late delivery遲交罰款

penalties for delays imposed on the manufacturer (eg if the site is behind schedule and not able to accept delivery at the agreed time)對(duì)制造商延遲交貨的罰款(如工廠逾期不能按約定時(shí)間交貨)。

the tolerances and standards that the units need to be manufactured to (a mockup/prototype may be the best way of agreeing this in order to avoid disputes)產(chǎn)品制造所需的公差和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(為了避免爭(zhēng)議，最好通過(guò)實(shí)物模型達(dá)成一致)

a formal procedure for checking the units before accepting handover在接受移交前對(duì)單位進(jìn)行檢查的正式程序

a period for latent defects liability潛在缺陷責(zé)任的期限

 the extent of the manufacturer’s responsibilities on-site during the erection/installation of the units, and requirements/conditions during that period.制造商在設(shè)備安裝/安裝期間的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)責(zé)任范圍，以及該期間的要求/條件。

附件：裝配式建筑各參與方的責(zé)任和介入時(shí)間

和傳統(tǒng)建造方式不同，模塊化建筑的工廠從概念方案階段到最后驗(yàn)收，需要全過(guò)程的參與到一個(gè)項(xiàng)目中……從業(yè)企業(yè)的綜合能力（起碼能平等溝通吧？）可想而知。

最大的困難還不是技術(shù)或者能力，而是一直到實(shí)施階段，前面所有的參與都是沒(méi)有合同約定的，極大可能是陪跑……這種商務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)又有多少公司能承擔(dān)？